body fluids Flashcards
blood
connective tissue in fluid forrm, considered as “fluid of life” because it carries oxygen and carbon dioide from lungs to all part of the body
-“fluid of growth= carries nutritive substances from the digestive system and hormones from the endocrine gland to all the tissues
-“fluid of health”= protects body against the diseases and gets rid of the waste products and unwanted substances by transporting them to excretory organs like kidneys
properties of blood
-color- arterial blood is scarlet red becz it contains more oxyegen and venous blood is pruple red becz of CO2
-volume- normal adult it is 5L, newborn is 450ml, 4.5L in females
-reaction and PH-slightly alkaline, normal pH is 7.4
-viscocity- blood is five 5 times more viscous than water
composition of blood
contains plasma(55%) and blood cells(45%) (red BC, white BC platelets)
plasma
straw coloured clear liquid part of blood. it contains 91%-92% water, and 8-9% solids
serum
clear straw coloured fluid that oozes from a blood clot. when blood is shed or collected in a container, it clots. in this process, the fibrinogen converts into fibrin forming the blood clot
-contains everything that plasma contains except fibrinogen
functions of blood
-nuritive function
-respiratory function
-excritory function
-transport of hormone and enzymes
-regulation of water balance
-regulation of acid/base balance
-regulation of body temperature
-storage function
-defensive function
components of plasma proteins
-serum albumin
-serum globulin
-fibrinogen
values of plasma protein
-plasma protein- 7.3g/dL
-albumin- 4.7g/dl
-globulin- 2.3g/dl
-fibrinogen- 0.3g/dl
origing of plasma proteins
-in embryo: the plasma proteins are synthesized by the msenchyme cells. first albumin is sysnthesized
-in adults: syntheized from reticuloendothelial cells off liver. synthesized from spleen, bone marrow, disintegrating blood cells and general tissue cells
red blood cells (erythrocytes)
non-nucleated formed elements in the blood, red color is due to presence of hemoglobin
function of plasma protein
1- role in coagulation of blood
2- role in defense mechanism of body
3- role in transport mechanism
4- role in maintenance of osmotic pressure in blood
value of RBC’s
4-5.5 million/cu mm of blood
male- 5
female- 4.5
morphology of RBC’s and size
- disk shaped and bioconcave(dumbell shaped). central portion is thinner and pheriphery is thicker
- diameter: 7.2 U
-thickness: periphery- 2.2U, center- 1U
-surface area: 120 sq U
volume: 85 to 90 cu u
advantages of bioconcave shapes
1- bioconcave shape helps in equal and rapid diffusion of oxygen and other substances into the interior of the cell
2- large surface area is provided for absorption or removal of different substances
3- minimal tension is offered on the membrane when the volume of cell alters
4- because of bioconcave shape, while passin through minute capillaries, RBC’s squeeze through capillaries very easily
lifespan of RBC’s
120 days
fate of RBC’s
-as cell becomes older cell membrane becomes fragile
-younger cells can easily pass through capillaries but older cells because of fatigue nature get destroyed while trying to squeeze through capillaries
-destruction noramally occurs in capillaries of red pulp of spleen
-destroyed cells are fragmented and hemoglobin is realesed from fragmemted part
function of RBC’s
1- transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
2- transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
3- buffering action in blood
4- in blood group determination
erythropoiesis
is the process of origin, development and maturation of erythrocytes.
erythropoiesis in fetal life
1- mesoblastic stage: in mesenchyme of yolk sac
2- hepatic stage: liver, spleen, and lymphoid
3-myeloid stage- bone marrow and liver
erythropoiesis in newborn, adults, and children
- produced only from red bone marrow
1- up to 20 years: produced from red bone marrw (long bones and flat bones)
2- after the age of 20: produced in membranous bones
hemoglobin and function
iron containing matter of red blood cell. it is a chromoprotein forming 95% of dry weight of RBC
-function is to carry respiratory gases.
normal hemoglobin content
-14-6g/dL
functions of hemoglobin
- transport of respiratory gases
- buffer action
structure of hemoglobin
is a conjugated protein that consists of a protein combined with an iron-containing pigment
-the protein part is globin
-iron-containing part in heme
anemia
blood disorder characterized by the reduction in:
-red blood cell count
-hemoglobin count
-packed cell volume
classificaion of anemia
1- morphological classification
-normocytic normochromic anemia
-macrocytic normochromic anemia
- macrocytic hypochromic anemia
-microcytic hypochromic anemia
2- etiological classification
-hemorrhagic anemia
-hemolytic anemia
-nurition deficiency anemia
-aplastic anemia
-anemia of chronic diseases
normocytic normochromic anemia
size and color of RBC’s are normal, but the number of RBC’s are less
macrocytic normochromic anemia
RBC’s are larger in size with normal color. RBC count is less
macrocytic hypochromic anemia
RBC’s are larger in size. MCHC is less, so the cells are pale
microcytic hypochromic anemia
RBC’s are smaller in size with less color
hemorrhagic anemia
refers to excessive loos of blood.
hemolytic anemia
means destruction of RBC’s
-extrinsic
-intrinsic
common causes:
liver faliure
renal disorder
hypertension burns
infections
drugs
sickle cell anemia
inherited blood disorder characterized by sickle-shaped red blood cells. it is also hemoglobin SS disease.
-due to abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin S
- a-chains are normal and B-chains are abnormal
-molecules of hemoglobin S polymerize into long chains and percipitate inside the cells
-because of this RBC’s attain sickle shape and become more fragile
intrinsic hemolytic anemia
it is a type of anemia causes by destruction of RBC’s because of the defective RBC’s.
-often inherited
includes:
-sickel cell anemia
-thalassemia
thalassemia
inherited disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin, of two types:
- a-thalassemia: occurs in fetal life or infancy. in this a-chains are less, absent or abnormal.
- b-thalassemia: B-chains are less in number, absent, or abnormal
nutrition deficiency anemia
anemia occurs due to deficiency of a nutritive substance nesecary for erythropoiesis is called nurition deficeincy anemia. substances nessecary are iron, proteins, vitamins like C, B12 ana folic acid
iron deficiency anemia
most common type of anemia. develops due to inadequate availibility of iron for hemoglobin synthesis. RBC’s are microcytic and hypochromic
causes-
-loss of blood
-decreased intake of iron
-poor absoption of iron from intestine
-increased demand for iron in conditons like growth and pregnancy
protein deficiency anemia
due to deficiency of proteins, the synthesis of hemoglobin is reduced. The RBC’s are macrocytic and hypchromic
pernicious anemia or addisons anemia
anemia due to deficiency of vitamin B12. it is due to atrophy of the gastric mucosa because of autoimmune destuction of parital cells. the gastric atrophy results in decreased production of intrinsic factor and poor absorption of vitamin V12, which is the maturation factor for RBC’s
aplastic anemia
disorder of red bone marrow. red bone marrow is reduced and replaced by fatty tisuues. bine marrow disorder occurs in the following conditions:
- repeated exposure to X-ray or gamma ray radiation
- prsence of bacterial toins, quinine, gold salts, benzene, radium etc
- tuberculosis
- viral infection like hepatitis and HIV indections.
in aplastic anemia RBC’s are normocytic and normochromic
signs and sympotoms of anemia
-skin and mucous membrane: color of skin mm becomes ple
-cardiovascular system: increase in heart rate and cardiac output
-respiration: increase in rate and force of respiration. sometimes, it eads to breathlessness and dyspnea.
-digestion: anorexia, vomiting, naseau, abdominal discomfort, and constipation
-metabolism: basal metabolic rate increases in severe anemia
-kidney: renal function is disturbed
-re[roductive system: in females menstrual cycle is disturbed
-neuromuscular system: inceased sensitivity to cold, headache, lack of concentration, restlessness
