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Summer 2020 - Physiology 2 - Renal > Body Fluid Compartments - Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Body Fluid Compartments - Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal Daily Intake of Water?

A

2100 mL Ingested + 200 mL Metabolized = 2300 mL/Day

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2
Q

What is the normal amount of Water Loss per day?

A

2300 mL/Day

Insensible - 700 mL

Sweat - 100 mL

Feces - 100 mL

Urine - 1400 mL

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3
Q

What are the different Body Fluid Compartments?

A

Extracellular - Interstitial & Blood Plasma

Intracellular

Trans-Cellular - 1-2 L
(CSF, Peritoneal, Pericardial, Synovial, Intraocular)

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4
Q

What electrolytes are mostly found in the Extracellular Compartment?

A

Sodium & Chloride

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5
Q

What electrolytes are mostly found in the Intracellular Compartment?

A

Potassium & Phosphate

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6
Q

The cell membrane is highly permeable to water, but not _______

A

The cell membrane is highly permeable to water, but not electrolytes

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7
Q

What is the Composition of Plasma & Interstitial (Extracellular) Fluids?

A

Highly Permeable Capillary Membrane

&

More Protein in Plasma d/t Low Membrane Permeability

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8
Q

What makes of most of the Plasma Nonelectrolytes?

A

Phospholipids > Cholesterol > Neutral Fat > Glucose

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9
Q

What is Gibbs Donnan Equilibrium?

A

When two solutions separated by a membrane have equal & opposite Chemical & Electrical Energies on each side.

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10
Q

The Indicator-Dilution Method of measuring Compartment Volume is base on what principle?

A

Conservation of Mass

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11
Q

What is Osmotic Pressure?

A

Pressure applied in the opposite direction of Osmosis to prevent osmosis

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12
Q

What is the Total Osmolarity of each Body Fluid Compartment?

A

300 mOsm/L

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13
Q

Whats the Normal level of Sodium in the Extracellular vs Intracellular Compartment?

A

Extracellular: 139-142 mOsm/L

Intracellular: 14 mOsm/L

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14
Q

Whats the Normal level of Potassium in the Extracellular vs Intracellular Compartment?

A

Extracellular: ~4.0 mOsm/L

Intracellular: 140 mOsm/L

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15
Q

Whats the Normal level of Chloride in the Extracellular vs Intracellular Compartment?

A

Extracellular: 108 mOsm/L

Intracellular: 4 mOsm/L

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16
Q

Whats the Normal level of Magnesium in the Extracellular vs Intracellular Compartment?

A

Extracellular: 0.8 mOsm/L

Intracellular: 20 mOsm/L

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17
Q

What conditions cause Hyponatremia?

A

Diarrhea

Vomiting

Diuretic Abuse

Addison’s Disease

Excess ADH

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18
Q

What conditions cause Hypernatremia?

A

Inadequate ADH

Diabetes Insipidus

Dehydration

Aldosterone Secretion

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19
Q

What abnormality occurs when there is a Decreased Plasma Sodium & Decreased Extracellular Volume?

A

Hyponatremic Dehydration from Adrenal Insufficiency or Diuretic Abuse

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20
Q

What might cause Intracellular Volume to Decrease while Plasma Sodium & Extracellular Volume remains the same?

A

Hypernatremic Overhydration from Cushing’s Disease or Primary Aldosteronism

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21
Q

Diabetes Insipidus & Excessive Sweating can cause ________ , Decreasing both Intracelllular & Extracellular Volumes

A

Diabetes Insipidus & Excessive Sweating can cause Hypernatremic Dehydration, Decreasing both Intracellular & Extracellular Volumes

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22
Q

What causes Hyponatremic Overhydration?

A

SIADH & Bronchogenic Tumors

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23
Q

What is the difference b/t Central Diabetes Insipidus & Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus?

A

Central: Lack of ADH

Nephrogenic: Kidneys can’t respond to ADH

24
Q

What Causes Intracellular Edema?

A

Inflammation

Depression of Cell Function

Cell malnutrition

Decreased Blood Flow

Ionic Pump Malfunction

25
Q

What causes Extracellular Edema?

A

↑Capillary Pressure & Permeability

↓Plasma Proteins

Blockage of Lymph Return

26
Q

What contributes to Increased Capillary Pressure?

A

Excessive Kidney Retention of Salt & Water

High Venous Pressure & Constriction

Decreased Arteriolar Resistance

27
Q

What can cause an excess Salt & Water retention from the Kidneys?

A

Acute/Chronic Kidney Failure

&

Excess Mineralocorticoids

28
Q

What causes High Venous Pressures & Constriction?

A

Heart Failure

Venous Obstruction

Venous Pump Failure d/t Paralysis & Valve Failure

29
Q

What causes Decreased Arteriolar Resistance?

A

High Body Temp

Vasodilation

SNS Insufficiency

30
Q

What causes Decreased Plasma Proteins?

A

Nephrotic Syndrome - Proteinuria

Burns

Wounds

Liver Disease

Malnutrition

31
Q

What Increases Capillary Permeability?

A

Immune Reactions

Toxins

Infections

Vitamin C Deficiency

Prolonged Ischemia

Burns

32
Q

What might cause Lymph Blockage?

A

Cancer

Infection

Surgery

Congenital Abnormality

33
Q

How does Heart Failure cause Edema?

A
  1. Heart fails to pump blood from Veins to Arteries
  2. Venous Pressure Increases & Arterial Pressure Decreases
  3. Kidneys help by retaining Salt & Water
  4. Low Blood Flow to Kidneys stimulate Renin Secretion
  5. Renin –> Angiotensin II –> Aldosterone –> More Salt & Water Retention
34
Q

What are the 3 Major Factors that Prevent Edema?

A

Low Interstitial Compliance (-3 mmHg)

Increased Lymphatic Drainage

Interstitial Protein Wash Down

35
Q

How much pressure is the Total Safety Factor against Edema?

A

17 mmHg

36
Q

How much can Capillary Pressure Increase before Significant Edema occurs?

A

Capillary Pressure doubles before significant Edema happens

37
Q

Label 1 - 6

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Medulla
  3. Renal Artery
  4. Renal Vein
  5. Renal Pelvis
  6. Ureter
38
Q

Label 1 - 7

A
  1. Afferent Arteriole
  2. Efferent Arteriole
  3. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
  4. Granular Cells
  5. Glomerulus
  6. Bowman Capsule
  7. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
39
Q

Label 1 - 8

A
  1. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
  2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
  3. Efferent Arteriole
  4. Afferent Arteriole
  5. Glomerulus
  6. Loop of Henle
  7. Vasa Rectae
  8. Collecting Duct
40
Q

Which part of the Kidney is the Major site of Blood Filtration & has a High Pressure Capillary Bed?

A

Glomerulus

41
Q

What is the Renal Tubule consisted of?

A

PCT

DCT

Loop of Henle

42
Q

What are Renal Pyramids?

A

Cone shape areas located in the Renal Medulla thats contains thousands of urine collecting ducts

43
Q

Which part of the Kidneys is shaped like a funnel & collects urine from the calyces?

A

Renal Pelvis

44
Q

What part of the Kidney takes urine from the Nephrons to the Renal Pelvis?

A

Urine-Collecting Duct

45
Q

Which part of the Renal Tubule penetrates into the Renal Medulla?

A

Loop of Henle

46
Q

What are the Renal Cavities called?

A

Calyces

47
Q

What do the Minor Calyx do?

A

Collects urine from Renal Pyramid & Drains into Major Calyx

48
Q

How much Cardiac Output goes to Renal Blood Flow?

A

22 % of Cardiac Output (1100 mL/min)

49
Q

Which arteries does blood need to flow through to get from the Renal Artery to the Glomerulus?

A

Renal Artery –> Segemental –> Interlobar –> Arcuate –> Interlobular (Radial) –> Afferent –> Glomerular Capillaries

50
Q

How much Oxygen per Liter of Blood does the Kidney take compared to Skeletal & Heart?

A

Kidney: 14 mL of O2 per Liter of Blood

Skeletal: 60 mL/L

Heart: 140 mL/L

(Kidneys have the most blood flow, but does not use that much oxygen)

51
Q

Which part of the Kidney does most of the Metabolism occur?

A

Renal Cortex

52
Q

What is the Functional Unit of the Kidney?

A

Nephrons

53
Q

What are the different b/t the 2 Types of Nephrons?

A

Cortical Nephron: 7x more than Juxtamedullary & Short Loops of Henle extend to Outer Medulla

Juxtamedullary Nephron: Concentrates Urine & Long Loops of Henle extend to Deep Medulla

Each have their own Blood Supply

54
Q

Besides the Renal Pelvis, what is another Renal Structure is funnel-shaped and is considered the “Beginning” of the Nephron?

A

Bowman’s Capsule

55
Q

What does the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus do?

A

Feedback mechanism that controls Intra & Extra Renal Hemodynamics

56
Q

What is Nephrotic Syndrome?

A

Loss of Protein in Urine, decreasing Plasma Proteins

57
Q

What should first be done before correcting Hypo/Hypernatremia?

A

See if the problem is Sodium Loss or Gain versus Water Loss or Gain

Summer 2020 - Physiology 2 - Renal (5 decks)

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