Body Fluid Compartments - Quiz 1 Flashcards
What is the normal Daily Intake of Water?
2100 mL Ingested + 200 mL Metabolized = 2300 mL/Day
What is the normal amount of Water Loss per day?
2300 mL/Day
Insensible - 700 mL
Sweat - 100 mL
Feces - 100 mL
Urine - 1400 mL
What are the different Body Fluid Compartments?
Extracellular - Interstitial & Blood Plasma
Intracellular
Trans-Cellular - 1-2 L
(CSF, Peritoneal, Pericardial, Synovial, Intraocular)
What electrolytes are mostly found in the Extracellular Compartment?
Sodium & Chloride
What electrolytes are mostly found in the Intracellular Compartment?
Potassium & Phosphate
The cell membrane is highly permeable to water, but not _______
The cell membrane is highly permeable to water, but not electrolytes
What is the Composition of Plasma & Interstitial (Extracellular) Fluids?
Highly Permeable Capillary Membrane
&
More Protein in Plasma d/t Low Membrane Permeability
What makes of most of the Plasma Nonelectrolytes?
Phospholipids > Cholesterol > Neutral Fat > Glucose
What is Gibbs Donnan Equilibrium?
When two solutions separated by a membrane have equal & opposite Chemical & Electrical Energies on each side.
The Indicator-Dilution Method of measuring Compartment Volume is base on what principle?
Conservation of Mass
What is Osmotic Pressure?
Pressure applied in the opposite direction of Osmosis to prevent osmosis
What is the Total Osmolarity of each Body Fluid Compartment?
300 mOsm/L
Whats the Normal level of Sodium in the Extracellular vs Intracellular Compartment?
Extracellular: 139-142 mOsm/L
Intracellular: 14 mOsm/L
Whats the Normal level of Potassium in the Extracellular vs Intracellular Compartment?
Extracellular: ~4.0 mOsm/L
Intracellular: 140 mOsm/L
Whats the Normal level of Chloride in the Extracellular vs Intracellular Compartment?
Extracellular: 108 mOsm/L
Intracellular: 4 mOsm/L
Whats the Normal level of Magnesium in the Extracellular vs Intracellular Compartment?
Extracellular: 0.8 mOsm/L
Intracellular: 20 mOsm/L
What conditions cause Hyponatremia?
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Diuretic Abuse
Addison’s Disease
Excess ADH
What conditions cause Hypernatremia?
Inadequate ADH
Diabetes Insipidus
Dehydration
Aldosterone Secretion
What abnormality occurs when there is a Decreased Plasma Sodium & Decreased Extracellular Volume?
Hyponatremic Dehydration from Adrenal Insufficiency or Diuretic Abuse
What might cause Intracellular Volume to Decrease while Plasma Sodium & Extracellular Volume remains the same?
Hypernatremic Overhydration from Cushing’s Disease or Primary Aldosteronism
Diabetes Insipidus & Excessive Sweating can cause ________ , Decreasing both Intracelllular & Extracellular Volumes
Diabetes Insipidus & Excessive Sweating can cause Hypernatremic Dehydration, Decreasing both Intracellular & Extracellular Volumes
What causes Hyponatremic Overhydration?
SIADH & Bronchogenic Tumors
What is the difference b/t Central Diabetes Insipidus & Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus?
Central: Lack of ADH
Nephrogenic: Kidneys can’t respond to ADH
What Causes Intracellular Edema?
Inflammation
Depression of Cell Function
Cell malnutrition
Decreased Blood Flow
Ionic Pump Malfunction
What causes Extracellular Edema?
↑Capillary Pressure & Permeability
↓Plasma Proteins
Blockage of Lymph Return
What contributes to Increased Capillary Pressure?
Excessive Kidney Retention of Salt & Water
High Venous Pressure & Constriction
Decreased Arteriolar Resistance
What can cause an excess Salt & Water retention from the Kidneys?
Acute/Chronic Kidney Failure
&
Excess Mineralocorticoids
What causes High Venous Pressures & Constriction?
Heart Failure
Venous Obstruction
Venous Pump Failure d/t Paralysis & Valve Failure
What causes Decreased Arteriolar Resistance?
High Body Temp
Vasodilation
SNS Insufficiency
What causes Decreased Plasma Proteins?
Nephrotic Syndrome - Proteinuria
Burns
Wounds
Liver Disease
Malnutrition
What Increases Capillary Permeability?
Immune Reactions
Toxins
Infections
Vitamin C Deficiency
Prolonged Ischemia
Burns
What might cause Lymph Blockage?
Cancer
Infection
Surgery
Congenital Abnormality
How does Heart Failure cause Edema?
- Heart fails to pump blood from Veins to Arteries
- Venous Pressure Increases & Arterial Pressure Decreases
- Kidneys help by retaining Salt & Water
- Low Blood Flow to Kidneys stimulate Renin Secretion
- Renin –> Angiotensin II –> Aldosterone –> More Salt & Water Retention
What are the 3 Major Factors that Prevent Edema?
Low Interstitial Compliance (-3 mmHg)
Increased Lymphatic Drainage
Interstitial Protein Wash Down
How much pressure is the Total Safety Factor against Edema?
17 mmHg
How much can Capillary Pressure Increase before Significant Edema occurs?
Capillary Pressure doubles before significant Edema happens
Label 1 - 6
- Cortex
- Medulla
- Renal Artery
- Renal Vein
- Renal Pelvis
- Ureter
Label 1 - 7
- Afferent Arteriole
- Efferent Arteriole
- Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
- Granular Cells
- Glomerulus
- Bowman Capsule
- Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
Label 1 - 8
- Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
- Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
- Efferent Arteriole
- Afferent Arteriole
- Glomerulus
- Loop of Henle
- Vasa Rectae
- Collecting Duct
Which part of the Kidney is the Major site of Blood Filtration & has a High Pressure Capillary Bed?
Glomerulus
What is the Renal Tubule consisted of?
PCT
DCT
Loop of Henle
What are Renal Pyramids?
Cone shape areas located in the Renal Medulla thats contains thousands of urine collecting ducts
Which part of the Kidneys is shaped like a funnel & collects urine from the calyces?
Renal Pelvis
What part of the Kidney takes urine from the Nephrons to the Renal Pelvis?
Urine-Collecting Duct
Which part of the Renal Tubule penetrates into the Renal Medulla?
Loop of Henle
What are the Renal Cavities called?
Calyces
What do the Minor Calyx do?
Collects urine from Renal Pyramid & Drains into Major Calyx
How much Cardiac Output goes to Renal Blood Flow?
22 % of Cardiac Output (1100 mL/min)
Which arteries does blood need to flow through to get from the Renal Artery to the Glomerulus?
Renal Artery –> Segemental –> Interlobar –> Arcuate –> Interlobular (Radial) –> Afferent –> Glomerular Capillaries
How much Oxygen per Liter of Blood does the Kidney take compared to Skeletal & Heart?
Kidney: 14 mL of O2 per Liter of Blood
Skeletal: 60 mL/L
Heart: 140 mL/L
(Kidneys have the most blood flow, but does not use that much oxygen)
Which part of the Kidney does most of the Metabolism occur?
Renal Cortex
What is the Functional Unit of the Kidney?
Nephrons
What are the different b/t the 2 Types of Nephrons?
Cortical Nephron: 7x more than Juxtamedullary & Short Loops of Henle extend to Outer Medulla
Juxtamedullary Nephron: Concentrates Urine & Long Loops of Henle extend to Deep Medulla
Each have their own Blood Supply
Besides the Renal Pelvis, what is another Renal Structure is funnel-shaped and is considered the “Beginning” of the Nephron?
Bowman’s Capsule
What does the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus do?
Feedback mechanism that controls Intra & Extra Renal Hemodynamics
What is Nephrotic Syndrome?
Loss of Protein in Urine, decreasing Plasma Proteins
What should first be done before correcting Hypo/Hypernatremia?
See if the problem is Sodium Loss or Gain versus Water Loss or Gain
