Body Diseases

Question 1

Leptospirosis

Answer 1

Leptospira interrogans (bacteria)
zoonosis
myalgia, muscle stiffness, headache
transmitted via direct contact with urine of infected animals or animal urine contaminated environment such as moist soil (rats, racoons, foxes, pigs, dogs, cattles, horses)

Question 2

Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections

Answer 2

Enteric gram-neg bacteria
Escherichia coli
Self-inoculate fecal bacteria into urethra

Question 3

Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

Answer 3

Staphylococcus aureus (bacteria)
sudden onset of fever, low BP, chills, rash
absorption of toxin into blood
most cases in menstruating females

Question 4

Bacterial Vaginosis

Answer 4

various anaerobic bacteria replacing normal lactobacilli microbiota
Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis
white vaginal discharge with “fishy” odor

Question 5

Vaginal Candidiasis

Answer 5

Candida albicans (fungal infection)
severe vaginal itching and burning

Question 6

Gonorrhea

Answer 6

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gram-neg bacteria)
Men: painful urination, pus-filled discharge
Women: often asymptomatic
Highly variable surface antigens, no longer-term immunity

Question 7

Syphilis

Answer 7

Treponema pallidum (spirochete bacterium)
Primary: small painless red lesions
Secondary: sore-throat, headache
Latent: no symptoms
Tertiary: demential, blindness, gummas
Penicillin

Question 8

Chlamydial Infections

Answer 8

Chlamydia trachomatis (gram-neg)
Women: asymptomatic
Men: painful urination, pus discharge, bubo
most common reported STD in US

Question 9

Chancroid

Answer 9

Haemophilus ducreyi (gram-neg)
soft chancres (ulcers), painful urination
transmitted via sexual intercourse

Question 10

Genital Herpes

Answer 10

Human herpesvirus 2, dsDNA

small blisters on or around genitals, rectum

Question 11

Genital Warts

Answer 11

Human papillomavirus
warts on gentilia
most common STD in US

Question 12

Trichonomiasis

Answer 12

Trichonoma vaginalis (protozoan)
Men: asymptomatic
Women: yellow-green discharge
reproduces at ph 5-6

Question 13

Dental Caries

Answer 13

Streptococcus mutans (gram-pos)
Dextran, insoluble sticky polysaccharide slime

Question 14

Peptic Ulcer

Answer 14

Helicobacter pylori (gram-neg, helical)
Abdominal pain, erosion of stomach or small intestine lining
Destroy epithelial layer causing stomach acid to run out of tissues causing abdominal pain

Question 15

Cholera

Answer 15

Vibrio cholerae (gram-neg bacillus)
Produces cholera toxin, enterotoxin
raw/uncooked seafood, contaminated water
“rice-water” stool

Question 16

Shigellosis

Answer 16

Shigella (gram-neg rod shape)
Type III secretions, bacteria inject proteins into host
Shiga Toxin, enterotoxin - bind to cell and trigger loss of electrolytes and water. Can also stop host protein synthesis

Question 17

Traveler’s Diarrhea

Answer 17

Escherichia coli (gram-neg bacili)
O157:H7- inhibit protein synthesis, kill cells, kidney failure, T3SS proteins (disrupts host cell metabolism)
Ferments lactose to form a gas
Disease when normal lower gut microbiota found in upper digestive system

Question 18

Camplyobacter Diarrhea

Answer 18

Camplylobacter jejuni (gram-neg curved polar flagella)
Most common cause of diarrhea
cause bleeding lesions and inflammation
found in 81% of chickens

Question 19

Salmonellosis and Typhoid fever

Answer 19

Salmonella enterica serotypes (gram-neg)
typhi and paratyphi causes typhoid fever
enteritidis and typhimurium causes salmonellosis
lives in intestines of all vertebrates except humans
salmonellosis- contaminated poultry meat, eggs
typhoid fever- contaminated food, water

Question 20

Antimicrobial-associated Diarrhea

Answer 20

Clostridium difficile (gram-pos)
diarrhea, intestinal lesions
antimicrobial use facilitates the overgrowth of C. difficile

Question 21

Bacterial Food Poisoning

Answer 21

Staphylococcus aureus
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea <24 hrs
five heat-stable enterotoxins (A-E)

Question 22

Oral Herpes

Answer 22

Human herpesvirus-1, dsDNA
latent infections can reactivate throughout life
transmitted via casual contact

Question 23

Viral Gasteroenteritis

Answer 23

Caliciviruses (norovirus) +ssRNA, star-shaped
Rotaviruses (dsRNA), spherical glycoprotein with spikes
Norovirus causes 90% of nonbacterial GI infections
most cases occurs in winter

Question 24

Viral Hepatitis

Answer 24

Hep A- survive on surfaces, mild
Hep B- replicates and releases into blood by liver cells
Hep C- high mutation rate, can never get rid of
Hep D- have to have HBV to get HPV, uses HBV capsid
Hep E- fecal-oral, mild
jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue

Question 25

Giardiasis

Answer 25

Giardia intestinalis, protozoan diplonomad, round diarrhea, greasy frothy odor ingestion of cysts from contaminated water interferes with intestinal absorption so more nutrients available for bacteria hikers and campers at risk

Question 26

Amebiasis

Answer 26

Entamoeba histolytica (protozoan) luminal amebiasis is asymptomatic colitis, appendicitis, necrotic lesion in organs

Question 27

Tapeworm Infestations

Answer 27

Taenia saginata, beef Taenia solium, pork cestode

Question 28

Pinworm Infestations

Answer 28

nematode caused by enterobius perianal itching

Question 29

Anisakiasis

Answer 29

Anisakis simplex parasite of marine animals worm moving around in mouth or throat

Question 30

Brucellosis

Answer 30

Brucella melitensis (gram-neg coccobacilli) Fluctuating fever that spikes every afternoon Consumption of contaminated dairy products Contact with animal blood, urine, placentas

Question 31

Tularemia

Answer 31

Francisella tularensis (gram-neg coccobacillus) skin lesions and swollen lymph nodes intracellular parasite transmitted via infected tick or infected animal aka rabbit fever, tick fever

Question 32

Plague

Answer 32

Yersinia pestis (bacillus) Bubonic plague, inflamed lymph nodes Pneumonic plague- spread from bloodstream to lungs or inhaled Transmitted via infected fleas or infected animal (rodents)

Question 33

Lyme Disease

Answer 33

``` Borrelia burgdorferi (gram-neg spirochete) 3 phases: bull's eye rash neurological symptoms, meningitis severe arthritis uses manganese in place of iron vector is deer tick ```

Question 34

Infectious Mononucleosis

Answer 34

Human herpesvirus 4 aka epstein barr virus (EBV) Enlarged lymph nodes in neck, splenomegaly, fatigue Suppresses apoptosis of B cells

Question 35

Yellow Fever

Answer 35

``` Flavivirus, yellow fever virus +ssRNA Aedes mosquitoes are vectors 3 stages fever, headache, muscle aches period of remission delirium, seizures, hemorrhaging South America and Africa ```

Question 36

Dengue Fever | Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

Answer 36

Dengue virus 1,2,3,4 +ssRNA Aedes mosquitoes are vectors fever, headache, edema, muscle pain DHF is a serious hyperimmune response following reinfection with dengue virus which activated memory T cells release inflammatory lymphokines that trigger rupture of blood vessels, internal bleeding, shock

Question 37

African Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

Answer 37

Ebolavirus or Marburgvirus, -ssRNA minor capillary hemorrhaging progress to severe internal and orifice hemorrhaging hemorrhage due to infected macrophages triggering localized blood clotting that depletes serum of clotting proteins vector is bats but not proven

Question 38

Malaria

Answer 38

Plasmodium (protozoan) P. falciparum is most fatal Anopheles mosquito is the vector fever, chills, anemia Reproductive cycle within RBC, hides parasite from immune surveillance sickle cell trait can increase resistance

Question 39

Toxoplasmosis

Answer 39

Toxoplasma gondii fever, inflammation of lungs, liver, heart in weakened immune people stillbirth, mental retardation in fetus cats are host

Question 40

Chaga's Disease | Trypanosomiasis

Answer 40

``` Trypanosoma cruzi heart failure central and south America most mammals can harbour T. cruzi transmission vector is triatoma, bloodsucking insects ```

Question 41

Schistosomiasis

Answer 41

Schistosoma, parasitic blood fluke snails transient dermatitis trapped eggs calcify leading to renal, heart failure, bladder obstruction

Question 42

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Answer 42

"strep throat" S. pyogenes (gram-pos) sore throat, difficulty swallowing penicillin

Question 43

Diphtheria

Answer 43

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (gram-pos) spread via respiratory droplets sore throat, oozing of intracellular fluid which thickens into thick pseudomembrane diphtheria toxin, prevents all polypeptide synthesis

Question 44

Sinusitis | Otitis Media

Answer 44

``` Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis sinus pain and pressure, ear pain penicillin ```

Question 45

Common Cold

Answer 45

Enteroviruses (rhinoviruses) | no fever

Question 46

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Answer 46

``` Streptococcus pneumoniae (gram pos cocci) short, rapid breathing, rust color sputum neutrophils in sputum ```

Question 47

Atypical Mycoplasma Pneumonia

Answer 47

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (gram pos) mild symptoms, fever, malaise, excessive sweating no cell wall

Question 48

Legionnaire's Disease

Answer 48

Legionella pneumophilia (gram neg) pneumonia like symptoms protozoa release legionella-filled vesicles and humans acquire disease by inhaling vesicles survives in domestic water sources, shower, ac systems

Question 49

Tuberculosis

Answer 49

``` Mycobacterium tuberculosis (high G + C gram pos) fever, wheezing, coughing up blood ```

Question 50

Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

Answer 50

Bordetella pertussis (gram neg coccobacillus) powerful cough, blue, rupture eye vessels produces toxins DTaP vaccine

Question 51

Inhalational Anthrax

Answer 51

``` Bacillus anthracis (gram pos) resembles cold or flu, severe coughing acquired by contact or inhalation of endospores ```

Question 52

Influenza

Answer 52

Influenza virus type A and B HA NA

Question 53

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

Answer 53

Coronavirus called SARS virus high fever, SOB, difficulty breathing later dry cough and pneumonia spread via respiratory droplets

Question 54

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

Answer 54

Hantavirus transmitted from mice excrement via inhalation cough, shock, labored breathing

Question 55

Coccidioidomycosis

Answer 55

Coccidioides immitis resembles pneumonia or tuberculosis grows in soil and produce asexual spores (conidia) which are inhaled by mammalian host "valley fever"

Question 56

Histoplasmosis

Answer 56

Histoplasma capsulatum most common fungal disease affecting humans 95% asymptomatic coughing with bloody sputum, skin lesions, enlarged spleen, liver similar to TB found in moist soils with bird/bat droppings inhale airborne spores from soil prevalent in eastern US

Question 57

Folliculitis

Answer 57

Staphylococcus epidermidis (gram pos), 90% on skin Staphylococcus aureus infection of hair follicle, swollen red, pus-filled

Question 58

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome

Answer 58

Staphylococcus aureus causes skin to lose tight junctions between cells infants, elderly, immunocompromised patients

Question 59

Impetigo (Pyoderma)

Answer 59

``` 80% S. aureus 20% S. pyogenes bacteria invade where skin is compromised small, flattened red patches mostly occurs in children ```

Question 60

Necrotizing Fasciitis

Answer 60

Streptococcus pyogenes Exotoxin A: overactive immune response leads to tissue damage intense sunburn like rash and pain

Question 61

Acne

Answer 61

Propionibacterium acnes (gram pos rod)

Question 62

Pseudomonas Infection

Answer 62

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram neg bacillus) found in soil, decaying matter, moist environments infection occurs in burn victims green discoloration P. aeruginosa can't penetrate intact skin

Question 63

Gas gangrene

Answer 63

Clostridium perfringens (gram pos) blackening of infected muscle and skin presence of gas bubbles must introduce endospores into dead tissue

Question 64

Poxviruses

Answer 64

Orthopoxvirus small pox, cowpox, monkeypox infection occurs by inhalation of virus

Question 65

Chickenpox | Shingles

Answer 65

Varicella-Zoster Virus Lesions across back and trunk/ or localized area of infected nerve Can be latent in nerve ganglia and become shingles

Question 66

Rubella

Answer 66

Rubivirus, +sense ssRNA enveloped virus Mild children's rash, but can be dangerous for pregnant women resulting in birth defects or fetus death Spread by respiratory secretions MMR vaccine available

Question 67

Measles

Answer 67

Morbilivirus Characterized by Koplik's spots, lesions in mucous membranes of the mouth highly contagious, via respiratory droplets

Question 68

Leishmaniasis

Answer 68

Lishmania Protozoan transmitted to humans by female sand flies Produces large painless skin lesions

Question 69

Scabies

Answer 69

Sarcoptes scabiei an arachnid mite that burrows into the skin and trigger inflammation, resulting in intense rash and itch transmitted through prolonged bodily contact

Question 70

Bacterial menigtitis

Answer 70

5 species: Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae Symptoms are sudden high fever, meningeal inflammation encephalitis resulting in behavioral changes, coma, death

Question 71

Meningococcal meningitis

Answer 71

``` Neisseria meningitidis (gram neg diplococci in spinal fluid) 2 pathogenic versions intracellular that lives inside phagocytes releases an endotoxin lipoolgosaccharide (LOS) Problem in close quarters like dorms ```

Question 72

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer 72

Gram-postitive cocci, short chains intracellular that travels across blood/brain barrier IgA protease and enzyme interferes with lysosomes in phagocytes

Question 73

Listeria monocytogenes

Answer 73

Gram-positive non endospore forming coccobacillus Found in soil water and animal hosts, contaminated food Dangerous for pregnant women that causes still birth and miscarriages synthesizes listerolysin O (LLO) to avoid digestion

Question 74

Hansen's Disease (Leprosy)

Answer 74

Mycobacterium leprae Tubercloid leprosy: non progressive, nerve damage and loss of sensation Lepromatus leprosy: progressive tissue destruction due to weak T-cell response transmitted person to person via respiratory droplets or breaks in the skin Have not been able to isolate in the lab

Question 75

Botulism

Answer 75

Clostridium botulinum anaerobic, gram-positive bacillus, endospore forming Toxin binds to end of synaptic cleft, and Acetylcholine cannot be released resulting in no contraction Cosmetic Botox used on superficial regions of skin

Question 76

Tetanus

Answer 76

Clostridium tetani obligate Anaerobic, small, motile tightening of jaw and neck muscles, and can spread to other muscles Tetanospasmin neurotoxin blocks release of inhibitory neurons, resulting in constant contraction

Question 77

Viral meningitis

Answer 77

mostly from genus Enterovirus Kills host target cells and meninges causing meningitis Spread via respiratory droplets and feces and ingesting contaminated foods

Question 78

Poliomyelitis

Answer 78

minor and asymptomatic are 90% of patients Minor polio: nonspecific symptoms nonparalytic polio: muscle spasms invades meninges paralyitc polio: produces paralysis and invades spinal cord and brain area that controls skeletal muscles

Question 79

Rabies

Answer 79

Rabies virus glycoproteins on envelope surface allows attachment Seizures, hallucinations, induced paralysis to death transmitted via bite or scratch of infected animal

Question 80

Cryptococcal meningitidis

Answer 80

Cryptococccus neoformans Spherical single-celled fungus in bird feces and soil Inhalation of spores or dried yeast cells occur in people with HIV treated with IV anti fungal drugs

Question 81

African sleeping sickness

Answer 81

Trypanosoma brucei evades immune system by changing surface glycoproteins when replicating Transmitted by the tsetse fly symptoms are meningoencephalitis, extreme drowsiness, leading to coma and death

Question 82

Variant creutzfeldt-jakob Disease (vCJD)

Answer 82

caused by infectious protein in brain Prion changes structure of protein folds symptoms are insomnia, weight loss, and memory failure spreads person to person through blood/organ transplant and eating contaminated meat mad cow disease