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Body Diseases Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Leptospirosis

A

Leptospira interrogans (bacteria)
zoonosis
myalgia, muscle stiffness, headache
transmitted via direct contact with urine of infected animals or animal urine contaminated environment such as moist soil (rats, racoons, foxes, pigs, dogs, cattles, horses)

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2
Q

Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections

A

Enteric gram-neg bacteria
Escherichia coli
Self-inoculate fecal bacteria into urethra

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3
Q

Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

A 
Staphylococcus aureus (bacteria)
sudden onset of fever, low BP, chills, rash
absorption of toxin into blood
most cases in menstruating females
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4
Q

Bacterial Vaginosis

A

various anaerobic bacteria replacing normal lactobacilli microbiota
Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis
white vaginal discharge with “fishy” odor

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5
Q

Vaginal Candidiasis

A 
Candida albicans (fungal infection)
severe vaginal itching and burning
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6
Q

Gonorrhea

A 
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gram-neg bacteria)
Men: painful urination, pus-filled discharge
Women: often asymptomatic
Highly variable surface antigens, no longer-term immunity
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7
Q

Syphilis

A 
Treponema pallidum (spirochete bacterium)
Primary: small painless red lesions
Secondary: sore-throat, headache
Latent: no symptoms
Tertiary: demential, blindness, gummas
Penicillin
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8
Q

Chlamydial Infections

A

Chlamydia trachomatis (gram-neg)
Women: asymptomatic
Men: painful urination, pus discharge, bubo
most common reported STD in US

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9
Q

Chancroid

A 
Haemophilus ducreyi (gram-neg)
soft chancres (ulcers), painful urination
transmitted via sexual intercourse
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10
Q

Genital Herpes

A

Human herpesvirus 2, dsDNA

small blisters on or around genitals, rectum

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11
Q

Genital Warts

A

Human papillomavirus
warts on gentilia
most common STD in US

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12
Q

Trichonomiasis

A

Trichonoma vaginalis (protozoan)
Men: asymptomatic
Women: yellow-green discharge
reproduces at ph 5-6

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13
Q

Dental Caries

A 
Streptococcus mutans (gram-pos)
Dextran, insoluble sticky polysaccharide slime
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14
Q

Peptic Ulcer

A 
Helicobacter pylori (gram-neg, helical)
Abdominal pain, erosion of stomach or small intestine lining
Destroy epithelial layer causing stomach acid to run out of tissues causing abdominal pain
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15
Q

Cholera

A

Vibrio cholerae (gram-neg bacillus)
Produces cholera toxin, enterotoxin
raw/uncooked seafood, contaminated water
“rice-water” stool

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16
Q

Shigellosis

A

Shigella (gram-neg rod shape)
Type III secretions, bacteria inject proteins into host
Shiga Toxin, enterotoxin - bind to cell and trigger loss of electrolytes and water. Can also stop host protein synthesis

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17
Q

Traveler’s Diarrhea

A

Escherichia coli (gram-neg bacili)
O157:H7- inhibit protein synthesis, kill cells, kidney failure, T3SS proteins (disrupts host cell metabolism)
Ferments lactose to form a gas
Disease when normal lower gut microbiota found in upper digestive system

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18
Q

Camplyobacter Diarrhea

A

Camplylobacter jejuni (gram-neg curved polar flagella)
Most common cause of diarrhea
cause bleeding lesions and inflammation
found in 81% of chickens

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19
Q

Salmonellosis and Typhoid fever

A

Salmonella enterica serotypes (gram-neg)
typhi and paratyphi causes typhoid fever
enteritidis and typhimurium causes salmonellosis
lives in intestines of all vertebrates except humans
salmonellosis- contaminated poultry meat, eggs
typhoid fever- contaminated food, water

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20
Q

Antimicrobial-associated Diarrhea

A 
Clostridium difficile (gram-pos)
diarrhea, intestinal lesions
antimicrobial use facilitates the overgrowth of C. difficile
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21
Q

Bacterial Food Poisoning

A

Staphylococcus aureus
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea <24 hrs
five heat-stable enterotoxins (A-E)

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22
Q

Oral Herpes

A

Human herpesvirus-1, dsDNA
latent infections can reactivate throughout life
transmitted via casual contact

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23
Q

Viral Gasteroenteritis

A

Caliciviruses (norovirus) +ssRNA, star-shaped
Rotaviruses (dsRNA), spherical glycoprotein with spikes
Norovirus causes 90% of nonbacterial GI infections
most cases occurs in winter

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24
Q

Viral Hepatitis

A

Hep A- survive on surfaces, mild
Hep B- replicates and releases into blood by liver cells
Hep C- high mutation rate, can never get rid of
Hep D- have to have HBV to get HPV, uses HBV capsid
Hep E- fecal-oral, mild
jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue

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25
Q

Giardiasis

A

Giardia intestinalis, protozoan diplonomad, round
diarrhea, greasy frothy odor
ingestion of cysts from contaminated water
interferes with intestinal absorption so more nutrients available for bacteria
hikers and campers at risk

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26
Q

Amebiasis

A

Entamoeba histolytica (protozoan)
luminal amebiasis is asymptomatic
colitis, appendicitis, necrotic lesion in organs

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27
Q

Tapeworm Infestations

A

Taenia saginata, beef
Taenia solium, pork
cestode

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28
Q

Pinworm Infestations

A

nematode
caused by enterobius
perianal itching

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29
Q

Anisakiasis

A

Anisakis simplex
parasite of marine animals
worm moving around in mouth or throat

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30
Q

Brucellosis

A

Brucella melitensis (gram-neg coccobacilli)
Fluctuating fever that spikes every afternoon
Consumption of contaminated dairy products
Contact with animal blood, urine, placentas

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31
Q

Tularemia

A

Francisella tularensis (gram-neg coccobacillus)
skin lesions and swollen lymph nodes
intracellular parasite
transmitted via infected tick or infected animal
aka rabbit fever, tick fever

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32
Q

Plague

A

Yersinia pestis (bacillus)
Bubonic plague, inflamed lymph nodes
Pneumonic plague- spread from bloodstream to lungs or inhaled
Transmitted via infected fleas or infected animal (rodents)

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33
Q

Lyme Disease

A 
Borrelia burgdorferi (gram-neg spirochete)
3 phases:
bull's eye rash
neurological symptoms, meningitis
severe arthritis
uses manganese in place of iron
vector is deer tick
34
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis

A

Human herpesvirus 4
aka epstein barr virus (EBV)
Enlarged lymph nodes in neck, splenomegaly, fatigue
Suppresses apoptosis of B cells

35
Q

Yellow Fever

A 
Flavivirus, yellow fever virus +ssRNA
Aedes mosquitoes are vectors
3 stages
fever, headache, muscle aches
period of remission
delirium, seizures, hemorrhaging
South America and Africa
36
Q

Dengue Fever

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

A

Dengue virus 1,2,3,4 +ssRNA
Aedes mosquitoes are vectors
fever, headache, edema, muscle pain
DHF is a serious hyperimmune response following reinfection with dengue virus which activated memory T cells release inflammatory lymphokines that trigger rupture of blood vessels, internal bleeding, shock

37
Q

African Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

A

Ebolavirus or Marburgvirus, -ssRNA
minor capillary hemorrhaging progress to severe internal and orifice hemorrhaging
hemorrhage due to infected macrophages triggering localized blood clotting that depletes serum of clotting proteins
vector is bats but not proven

38
Q

Malaria

A

Plasmodium (protozoan)
P. falciparum is most fatal
Anopheles mosquito is the vector
fever, chills, anemia
Reproductive cycle within RBC, hides parasite from immune surveillance
sickle cell trait can increase resistance

39
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Toxoplasma gondii
fever, inflammation of lungs, liver, heart in weakened immune people
stillbirth, mental retardation in fetus
cats are host

40
Q

Chaga’s Disease

Trypanosomiasis

A 
Trypanosoma cruzi
heart failure
central and south America
most mammals can harbour T. cruzi
transmission vector is triatoma, bloodsucking insects
41
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

Schistosoma, parasitic blood fluke
snails
transient dermatitis
trapped eggs calcify leading to renal, heart failure, bladder obstruction

42
Q

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

A

“strep throat”
S. pyogenes (gram-pos)
sore throat, difficulty swallowing
penicillin

43
Q

Diphtheria

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (gram-pos)
spread via respiratory droplets
sore throat, oozing of intracellular fluid which thickens into thick pseudomembrane
diphtheria toxin, prevents all polypeptide synthesis

44
Q

Sinusitis

Otitis Media

A 
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus
Haemophilus influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis
sinus pain and pressure, ear pain
penicillin
45
Q

Common Cold

A

Enteroviruses (rhinoviruses)

no fever

46
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

A 
Streptococcus pneumoniae (gram pos cocci)
short, rapid breathing, rust color sputum
neutrophils in sputum
47
Q

Atypical Mycoplasma Pneumonia

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (gram pos)
mild symptoms, fever, malaise, excessive sweating
no cell wall

48
Q

Legionnaire’s Disease

A

Legionella pneumophilia (gram neg)
pneumonia like symptoms
protozoa release legionella-filled vesicles and humans acquire disease by inhaling vesicles
survives in domestic water sources, shower, ac systems

49
Q

Tuberculosis

A 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (high G + C gram pos)
fever, wheezing, coughing up blood
50
Q

Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

A

Bordetella pertussis (gram neg coccobacillus)
powerful cough, blue, rupture eye vessels
produces toxins
DTaP vaccine

51
Q

Inhalational Anthrax

A 
Bacillus anthracis (gram pos)
resembles cold or flu, severe coughing
acquired by contact or inhalation of endospores
52
Q

Influenza

A

Influenza virus type A and B
HA
NA

53
Q

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

A

Coronavirus called SARS virus
high fever, SOB, difficulty breathing
later dry cough and pneumonia
spread via respiratory droplets

54
Q

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

A

Hantavirus
transmitted from mice excrement via inhalation
cough, shock, labored breathing

55
Q

Coccidioidomycosis

A

Coccidioides immitis
resembles pneumonia or tuberculosis
grows in soil and produce asexual spores (conidia) which are inhaled by mammalian host
“valley fever”

56
Q

Histoplasmosis

A

Histoplasma capsulatum
most common fungal disease affecting humans
95% asymptomatic
coughing with bloody sputum, skin lesions, enlarged spleen, liver similar to TB
found in moist soils with bird/bat droppings
inhale airborne spores from soil
prevalent in eastern US

57
Q

Folliculitis

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis (gram pos), 90% on skin
Staphylococcus aureus
infection of hair follicle, swollen red, pus-filled

58
Q

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome

A

Staphylococcus aureus
causes skin to lose tight junctions between cells
infants, elderly, immunocompromised patients

59
Q

Impetigo (Pyoderma)

A 
80% S. aureus
20% S. pyogenes
bacteria invade where skin is compromised
small, flattened red patches
mostly occurs in children
60
Q

Necrotizing Fasciitis

A

Streptococcus pyogenes
Exotoxin A: overactive immune response leads to tissue damage
intense sunburn like rash and pain

61
Q

Acne

A

Propionibacterium acnes (gram pos rod)

62
Q

Pseudomonas Infection

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram neg bacillus)
found in soil, decaying matter, moist environments
infection occurs in burn victims
green discoloration
P. aeruginosa can’t penetrate intact skin

63
Q

Gas gangrene

A

Clostridium perfringens (gram pos)
blackening of infected muscle and skin
presence of gas bubbles
must introduce endospores into dead tissue

64
Q

Poxviruses

A

Orthopoxvirus
small pox, cowpox, monkeypox
infection occurs by inhalation of virus

65
Q

Chickenpox

Shingles

A

Varicella-Zoster Virus
Lesions across back and trunk/ or localized area of infected nerve
Can be latent in nerve ganglia and become shingles

66
Q

Rubella

A

Rubivirus, +sense ssRNA enveloped virus
Mild children’s rash, but can be dangerous for pregnant women resulting in birth defects or fetus death
Spread by respiratory secretions
MMR vaccine available

67
Q

Measles

A

Morbilivirus
Characterized by Koplik’s spots, lesions in mucous membranes of the mouth
highly contagious, via respiratory droplets

68
Q

Leishmaniasis

A

Lishmania
Protozoan transmitted to humans by female sand flies
Produces large painless skin lesions

69
Q

Scabies

A

Sarcoptes scabiei
an arachnid mite that burrows into the skin and trigger inflammation, resulting in intense rash and itch
transmitted through prolonged bodily contact

70
Q

Bacterial menigtitis

A

5 species: Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae
Symptoms are sudden high fever, meningeal inflammation
encephalitis resulting in behavioral changes, coma, death

71
Q

Meningococcal meningitis

A 
Neisseria meningitidis (gram neg diplococci in spinal fluid)
2 pathogenic versions
intracellular that lives inside phagocytes
releases an endotoxin lipoolgosaccharide (LOS)
Problem in close quarters like dorms
72
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Gram-postitive cocci, short chains
intracellular that travels across blood/brain barrier
IgA protease and enzyme interferes with lysosomes in phagocytes

73
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

Gram-positive non endospore forming coccobacillus
Found in soil water and animal hosts, contaminated food
Dangerous for pregnant women that causes still birth and miscarriages
synthesizes listerolysin O (LLO) to avoid digestion

74
Q

Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)

A

Mycobacterium leprae
Tubercloid leprosy: non progressive, nerve damage and loss of sensation
Lepromatus leprosy: progressive tissue destruction due to weak T-cell response
transmitted person to person via respiratory droplets or breaks in the skin
Have not been able to isolate in the lab

75
Q

Botulism

A

Clostridium botulinum
anaerobic, gram-positive bacillus, endospore forming
Toxin binds to end of synaptic cleft, and Acetylcholine cannot be released resulting in no contraction
Cosmetic Botox used on superficial regions of skin

76
Q

Tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani
obligate Anaerobic, small, motile
tightening of jaw and neck muscles, and can spread to other muscles
Tetanospasmin neurotoxin blocks release of inhibitory neurons, resulting in constant contraction

77
Q

Viral meningitis

A

mostly from genus Enterovirus
Kills host target cells and meninges causing meningitis
Spread via respiratory droplets and feces and ingesting contaminated foods

78
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

minor and asymptomatic are 90% of patients
Minor polio: nonspecific symptoms
nonparalytic polio: muscle spasms invades meninges
paralyitc polio: produces paralysis and invades spinal cord and brain area that controls skeletal muscles

79
Q

Rabies

A

Rabies virus
glycoproteins on envelope surface allows attachment
Seizures, hallucinations, induced paralysis to death
transmitted via bite or scratch of infected animal

80
Q

Cryptococcal meningitidis

A

Cryptococccus neoformans
Spherical single-celled fungus in bird feces and soil
Inhalation of spores or dried yeast cells
occur in people with HIV
treated with IV anti fungal drugs

81
Q

African sleeping sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei
evades immune system by changing surface glycoproteins when replicating
Transmitted by the tsetse fly
symptoms are meningoencephalitis, extreme drowsiness, leading to coma and death

82
Q

Variant creutzfeldt-jakob Disease (vCJD)

A

caused by infectious protein in brain
Prion changes structure of protein folds
symptoms are insomnia, weight loss, and memory failure
spreads person to person through blood/organ transplant and eating contaminated meat
mad cow disease

Medical Microbiology (1 decks)

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