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Block 1: Physiology > Body composition > Flashcards

Body composition Flashcards

1
Q

What is body composition?

A

The relative proportions of protein, fat, water and mineral components in the body that make up the total body weight.
Made up of fat mass and fat free mass.

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2
Q

What is the difference between assessing body weight and body composition?

A

Body weight = total weight of fat free mass and fat mass combined
Body composition = assessment of the varying components of the FFM compared to the FM

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3
Q

What are the constraints of BMI?

A

Does not take body composition into account
Should be used in conjunction with other measures (e.g. waist circumference)
Different classifications for different ethnicities

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4
Q

What are alternative measures of height?

A

Ulna length
Knee height caliper
Demi span

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5
Q

What is an alternative measure of weight?

A

Middle upper arm circumference
<23.5cm indicates BMI <20kg/m2
>32cm indicates BMI >30kg/m2

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6
Q

What measures are used to assess body composition?

A

Anthropometry

Densitometry

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7
Q

What measures are used to assess body composition?

A

Anthropometry
Densitometry (measure of bone density)
Bioelectrical impedance
Imaging techniques

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8
Q

How is anthropometry used to assess body composition?

A

Skin folds used to estimate volume of subcutaneous fat

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9
Q

What are the limitations of using skin folds to assess body composition?

A

Assumes a constant ratio of subcutaneous and total fat.

Sensitive to ethnic and age variations in fat distribution.

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10
Q

How is densitometry used to assess body composition?

A

Under water weighing measures % body fat

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11
Q

How does bioelectrical impedance work to assess body composition?

A

Works on the premise that fat does not contain water so electrical current flows through the tissues containing water and ions but not fat

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12
Q

What are the limitations of bioelectrical impedance?

A 
Error on data entry 
Requires standardised conditions 
Assumes hydration of FFM is constant 
Affected by skin temperature 
Can't use in dehydration, ascites or extremes of BMI
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13
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

Refers to both over and under nutrition.
Deficiency or excess of energy, protein and other nutrients causes measurable adverse effects on tissue/ body form, function and clinical outcomes.

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14
Q

What chronic diseases/ clinical outcomes are associated with over nutrition?

A 
Pulmonary disease
Sleep apnoea 
Coronary disease
Type 2 diabetes 
GI diseases
Cancer
Depression
Stroke 
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
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15
Q

What is cachexia?

A

Condition of abnormally low weight, weakness and general bodily decline associated with chronic disease.
Associated with loss of skeletal muscle rather than body fat.
Symptoms include: weight loss, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite.

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16
Q

What factors affect body composition?

A

Biological (age, gender, ethnicity, genetics)
Lifestyle (diet, physical activity, smoking)
Health-related factors (disease, genetic disposition)
Biometric (height, fat and muscle distribution)
Environment

17
Q

How can food be used as an energy source?

A

Metabolised by KREB (Citric Acid cycle) to make ATP

18
Q

What does basal metabolism rate control?

A

Body temperature

Autonomic functions

19
Q

What are the 6 essential nutrients we need to survive?

A 
Water
Calories (e.g. from carbohydrates and fat) 
Protein 
Essential fatty acids
Vitamins 
Minerals
20
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A 
Energy source (50-75% of our energy comes from carbs) 
Increase blood glucose levels
21
Q

What are the functions of proteins in our diet?

A

Growth and repair

Supply 10-20% of energy in our diet

22
Q

What are the functions of fat in our diet?

A 
Healthy skin and hair
Insulating body organs from shock 
Maintaining body temperature 
Promoting healthy cell function 
Storage of vitamins
23
Q

Where in our diet do we get Vitamin A and what is its function?

A

Fish oil and green veg

Eyesight, growth, infection

24
Q

Where in our diet do we get B vitamins and what are the collective functions?

A

Peas, grains, dairy, meat, fish, egg, green veg

Metabolism, Nucleic acid synthesis

25
Q

Where in our diet do we get Vitamin C and what is its function?

A

Peppers, spinach, citrus fruits

Cartilage and bones

26
Q

Where in our diet do we get Vitamin D and what is its function?

A

Sunlight, eggs, butter

Calcium and phosphorus metabolism

27
Q

Where in our diet do we get Vitamin E and what is its function?

A

Vegetable oil

An antioxidant

28
Q

Where in our diet do we get Vitamin K and what is its function?

A

Vegetables, fruit

Clotting

29
Q

Where in our diet do we get Iron and what is its function?

A

Red meat, fortified cereals, green leafy vegetables

Component of Hb for oxygen transport

30
Q

Where in our diet do we get Calcium and what is its function?

A

Milk

Bones and teeth; nerve and muscle function

31
Q

Where in our diet do we get Zinc and what is its function?

A

Meat, seafood, wholegrains

Enzymes, immune system

32
Q

Where in our diet do we get Magnesium and what is its function?

A

Meat, dairy, green veg, nuts

Metabolism; nerve and muscle function

33
Q

Where in our diet do we get Potassium and what is its function?

A

Fruit and veg

Fluid balance; nerve and muscle function

34
Q

What are the time limits for fed, fasting and starved states?

A 
Fed = 0-4 hours after food 
Fasting = 4-12 hours after food 
Starved = 12+ hours after food
35
Q

Where does your body get energy from when in a fasting state?

A

Glycogen stores broken down into glucose to supply brain, nervous system and blood cells (+ other cells)
Body fat stores broken down into fatty acids to provide energy to other cells

36
Q

Where does your body get energy from when in a starved state?

A

Body protein broken down into amino acids which are then broken down into glucose and ketone bodies:
Glucose provides energy to the brain, nervous system and blood cells (+ other cells) whilst ketone bodies provide energy to other cells of the body
Body fat stores are broken down into fatty acids which provide energy to other cells and ketone bodies which provide energy for the brain, nervous system and blood cells

Block 1: Physiology (15 decks)

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