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Dynamic science Exam > body balance > Flashcards

body balance Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is homeostasis

A

The body’s ability to maintain a constant internal environment, even when there are changes in the external environment.

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2
Q

What are some of the conditions in the body that need to be kept constant?

A

body temperature at 37°C
the amount of water inside our body
blood sugar levels

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3
Q

How does the body maintain homeostasis?

A

the negative feedback loop

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4
Q

Describe an example of negative feedback

A

When it gets cold outside (stimulus) you shiver (response) and keep the temperature inside your body from dropping.

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5
Q

the stimulus response model order

A

stimulus, receptor, control centre, effector, responce

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6
Q

What is a Negative-Feedback Loop?

A

Aims to reverse the effects of a stimulus

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7
Q

What is a Positive-Feedback Loop?

A

Aim to increase the effects of a stimulus

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8
Q

what is the role of the endocrine system

A

to release hormones (chemical messengers), from endocrine glands, into the bloodstream.

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9
Q

hypothalamus

A

detects change and signals the pituitary gland

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10
Q

what does the endocrine system regulate

A

things like growth, water balance, reproduction and metabolism.

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11
Q

what are the endocrine glands

A

Adrenal gland, pituitary Gland, pancreas, Thyroid Gland, Ovaries, Testes

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12
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Hormones Released: Adrenaline and Cortisol
Function: Stress response, blood pressure, emergency response

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13
Q

Pituitary Gland “Master Gland”

A

Hormone Released: Releases many including Growth Hormone
Function: Works closely with Hypothalamus

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14
Q

Pancreas

A

Hormone Released: Insulin and Glucagon
Function: controls blood glucose levels.

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15
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Hormone released: Thyroxine
Function: Metabolism & body heat

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16
Q

Ovaries

A

Hormone released: Estrogen and Progesterone
Function: Menstruation and pregnancy

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17
Q

Testes

A

Hormone released: Testosterone
Function: Production of sperm

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18
Q

How do these hormones identify their target cells?

A

Cell surface receptors. Example: Glucagon is released by the pancreas when blood sugar levels drop. The glucagon recognise the receptors on the liver cells, instructing them to cause an increase in blood glucose.

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19
Q

Example of endocrine disorder

A

diabetes

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20
Q

DNA

A

contains the genes which code for a specific protein

21
Q

What are Chromosomes

A

tightly coiled, organised pieces of DNA

22
Q

What are genes

A

Genes are segments of DNA, they are made of nucleotide sequences.

23
Q

What do genes code for?

A

proteins

24
Q

What is the difference between a gene and a genome.

A

A gene is a specific segment of DNA, and a genome is the entirety of the genetic material inside an organism.

25
Q

What is DNA made up of

A

made up of repeating monomers, called nucleotides

26
Q

What is RNA

A

Is single-stranded and does not have to stay in the nucleus.

27
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

RNA contains nucleotides, with ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose sugar in dna. the base pairs are A and U, C and G

28
Q

What is the purpose of RNA

A

To read the DNA code, copy it and take the information out of the nucleus.To make proteins at the ribosomes !

29
Q

DNA → RNA → Protein

A

transcription and translation

30
Q

Transcription

A

it is in the nucleus, DNA → RNA

31
Q

Translation

A

It is in the ribosome, RNA → protein(chain of amino acids)

32
Q

RNA vs DNA

A

RNA: can leave the nucleus, Contains Uracil, Single stranded, Ribose sugar
DNA: Can NOT leave the nucleus, Contains Thymine, Double stranded, Deoxyribose sugar

33
Q

What are the three main phases of the cell cycle

A

Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

34
Q

Interphase

A

Longest period of cycle,
Normal cell functions (existing),
- G1
- S - replication of DNA
- G2

35
Q

Mitosis

A

PMAT
-cell divides nuclear content
-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

36
Q

Cytokenesis

A

Final split and formation of new, identical cells

37
Q

G1

A

Growth of cell before the DNA is replicated

38
Q

S

A

DNA replicated using DNA polymerase (enzyme)

39
Q

G2

A

Final growth period before cell divides into two, through Mitosis

40
Q

DNA replication is semi-conservative

A

Each new DNA molecule contains one of the original strands.

41
Q

Mitosis (cell division)

A

Now that the cell contents have doubled, it is time for the cell to divide into two identical, daughter cells

42
Q

Stages of mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

43
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes become visible
Nucleus membrane disappears
Centrioles begin to move to poles

44
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up at equator
Spindle fibres are attached to centromeres

45
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibres pull sister chromatids apart

46
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes are separated
Nuclear membrane reforms Cell plate or cleavage furrow forms

47
Q

Cytokinesis (final stage)

A

The final split.
in plants: Cell plate forms and will become the new cell wall
In animals: Cleavage furrow forms, pinching the cells apart

48
Q

What is produced at the end of the process of DNA replication?

A

two identical new DNA molecules.

49
Q
A

Dynamic science Exam (3 decks)

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