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A002 CANCER > BoC-02-The Nature of Cancer > Flashcards

BoC-02-The Nature of Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

morphogenesis

A

Process whereby shape is created, usually referring to the creation of shape of various structures during embryonic development.

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2
Q

benign

A

(1) Describing a growth that is confined to a specific site within a tissue and gives no evidence of invading adjacent tissue. (2) Referring to an epithelial growth that has not penetrated through the basement membrane

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3
Q

malignant

A

Describing a growth that shows evidence of being locally invasive and possibly even metastatic.

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4
Q

adenomas

A

Any of a series of premalignant, noninvasive growths in various epithelial tissues, many of which have the potential to progress further to carcinomas. See also polyp.

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5
Q

acromegaly

A

Pathological condition of excessive growth of certain tissues, usually due to the elaboration of excessive growth hormone by a pituitary tumor.

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6
Q

epithelia

A

A layer of cells that forms the lining of a cavity or duct; included here is the specialized epithelium that forms the skin.

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7
Q

basement membrane (basal lamina)

A

A specialized extracellular matrix that forms a sheet separating epithelial from stromal cells or endothelial cells from pericytes; sometimes called basal lamina.

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8
Q

stroma

A

The mesenchymal components of epithelial and hematopoietic tissues and tumors, which may include fibroblasts, adipocytes, endothelial cells, and various immunocytes as well as associated extracellular matrix.

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9
Q

endothelial

A

(1) Mesenchymal cells that form the walls of capillaries or lymph ducts by assuming tubelike shapes. (2) Mesenchymal cells lining the luminal walls of larger blood vessels or lymph ducts.

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10
Q

carcinomas

A

(adj., -omatous) A cancer arising from epithelial cells.

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11
Q

endoderm

A

Innermost layer of cells in an early embryo, which serves as precursor of the gastrointestinal tract and associated tissues, including the lungs, liver, and pancreas.

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12
Q

ectoderm

A

ectoderm Outermost layer of cells in an early embryo that gives rise to the skin and nervous system.

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13
Q

mesoderm

A

Middle layer of cells in an early embryo lying between the ectoderm and endoderm, which is the precursor of mesenchymal tissues including connective tissues and the hematopoietic system.

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14
Q

apical surface

A

Referring to the surface of an epithelial cell that is facing an exposed surface of the epithelium such as its luminal surface. See also basal.

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15
Q

basal surface

A

(1) Referring to a lower physical location. (2) Referring to cells in an epithelium that are located away from an exposed surface of the epithelium such as its luminal surface. (3) Referring to the surface of an epithelial cell that is located away from an exposed surface of the epithelium such as its luminal surface. See also apical. (4) Referring to a (low) rate of activity or function observed in the absence of any activating stimulus.

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16
Q

squamous

A

Referring to epithelial cells that line a duct or the skin and lack secretory function.

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17
Q

keratinocytes

A

Epidermis-The epithelial layer of the skin, composed largely of keratinocytes at various stages of differentiation.

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18
Q

adenoacarcinomas

A

Tumor derived from secretory epithelial cells.

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19
Q

lumina

A

(1) The bore of a hollow, tubelike structure, such as the gut, a bronchiole in the lung, a blood vessel, or a duct in a secretory organ. (2) The enclosed cavity within a spherical structure, such as a membranous vesicle.

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20
Q

sarcomas

A

Tumor derived from mesenchymal cells, usually those constituting various connective tissue cell types, including fibroblasts, osteoblasts, endothelial cell precursors, and chondrocytes.

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21
Q

mesenchymal

A

(1) Referring to tissue composed of cells of mesodermal origin, including fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and immunocytes. (2) Referring to an individual cell type belonging to this class of cells.

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22
Q

fibroblasts

A

Mesenchymal cell type that is common in connective tissue and in the stromal compartment of epithelial tissues and is characterized by its secretion of collagen.

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23
Q

adipocytes

A

Specialized cells of the mesenchymal lineage, closely related to fibroblasts, that create fat and store it in large globules in the cytoplasm; the dominant cell type in fatty tissues.

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24
Q

osteoblasts

A

Mesenchymal cell type related to fibroblasts that constructs mineralized bone through the deposition of a collagenous matrix and apatite crystals.

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25
Q

myocytes

A

The cells constituting functional muscles.

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26
Q

hematopoietic

A

(adj., -poietic) Process that results in the formation of all of the cells in the blood, including its red and white cells, the latter including various cells of the immune system.

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27
Q

erythrocytes

A

Red Blood Cell

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28
Q

plasma cells

A

Cells of the B-cell lineage that secrete antibodies into the blood plasma.

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29
Q

Lymphocytes

A

A nonpigmented white blood cell such as a lymphocyte, monocyte, macrophage, neutrophil, or mast cell.

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30
Q

leukemia

A

Malignancy of any of a variety of hematopoietic cell types, including the lineages leading to lymphocytes and granulocytes, in which the tumor cells are nonpigmented and dispersed throughout the circulation. Compare lymphoma.

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31
Q

lymphomas

A

Solid tumor of lymphoid cells. Compare leukemia.

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32
Q

lymphoid

A

(1) Referring to the lymphatic system. (2) Referring to the lineage of hematopoietic cells that yields B and T lymphocytes as well as natural killer cells. See also myeloid.

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33
Q

neuroectodermal

A

Referring to the components of the nervous system, which derive from the embryonic ectoderm

34
Q

gliomas

A

A group of central nervous system tumors that arise from glial cells and include ependymomas, astrocytomas, and oligodendrogliomas. See also glioblastoma.

35
Q

glioblastomas

A

A malignant tumor that often originates from a low-grade astrocytoma; also termed glioblastoma multiforme. See also glioma.

36
Q

neuroblastomas

A

Tumor of primitive neuronal precursor cells of the peripheral nervous system and adrenal medulla.

37
Q

schwannomas

A

Tumor of the nonneuronal Schwann cells forming sheaths around the axons of neurons.

38
Q

medulloblastomas

A

Tumor of the primitive precursors of neurons in the cerebellum.

39
Q

melanomas

A

Tumor arising from melanocytes, the pigmented cells of the skin, iris and retinal pigmented epithelium.

40
Q

neural crest

A

Region of the early embryo that serves as precursor of various specialized tissues and cell types, including certain cells of the peripheral nervous system, bones of the face, melanocytes, and several types of neurosecretory cells.

41
Q

Small-cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs

A

A lung cancer of specialized cells having neurosecretory properties.

42
Q

adrenal

A

Referring to the secretory glands that sit above the kidneys.

43
Q

neurosecretory

A

Referring to a cell type that will secrete a substance, such as a hormone, in response to neuronal signals.

44
Q

transdifferentiation

A

Acquisition by a cell from one differentiation lineage of a phenotype characteristic of cells from another, distinct differentiation lineage.

45
Q

epithelial-mesenchymal transition

A

Acquisition by epithelial cells of the phenotypes of mesenchymal cells such as fibroblasts.

46
Q

teratomas

A

Benign tumor formed by embryonic stem cells in which a wide variety of differentiated cell types are formed.

47
Q

germ cell

A

An egg (ovum) or sperm (spermatocyte) or its immediate precursor within the ovary or testis, respectively.

48
Q

pluripotency

A

Referring to the ability of a stem cell to seed progeny that can participate in the formation of all of the tissues of an embryo except the extraembryonic membranes. See also multipotent, totipotent.

49
Q

ectopic

A

(1) Referring to the expression of a gene in a place or physiologic situation where it normally would not be expressed. (2) Referring to the presence of cells or tissues in an anatomical site where they would not naturally be found in the body.

50
Q

dedifferentiated

A

Reversion of a differentiated cell to the phenotype of a less differentiated cell, such as its precursor.

51
Q

anaplastic

A

(Referring to a tumor) having a tissue and cellular architecture lacking the differentiated characteristics of an identifiable tissue-of-origin.

52
Q

cancer of unknown primary (CUP)

A

Tumor whose histopathological appearance does not permit a determination of its site of origin within a patient.

53
Q

metaplasia

A

Replacement in a tissue belonging to cells of one differentiation lineage by cells belonging to another lineage.

54
Q

Barret’s esophagus

A

Metaplasia in which squamous epithelium of the esophagus is replaced by secretory epithelial cells of a type normally found in the stomach.

55
Q

dyplastic

A

A premalignant tissue composed of abnormally appearing cells forming a tissue architecture that deviates from normal.

56
Q

cytologially

A

(1) Analysis of subcellular structure under the microscope. (2) The microscopic appearance of a cell.

57
Q

polyps

A

The growth of a tumor, usually presumed to be premalignant, into the lumen of an organ, such as gut or bladder, often equated with an adenoma. See also adenoma

58
Q

papillomas

A

A benign, adenomatous proliferation of epithelial cells; term often used to describe benign lesions of the skin.

59
Q

cancer

A

(1) A clinical condition that is manifested by the presence of one or another type of neoplastic growth. (2) A malignant tumor

60
Q

neoplasms

A

A tumor. See also neoplasia. Neoplasia (adj., -plastic) (1) The state of cancerous growth. (2) Benign or malignant tumor composed of cells having an abnormal appearance and abnormal proliferation pattern.

61
Q

tumor progression

A

(1) Process of multi-step evolution of a normal cell into a tumor cell. (2) Evolution of a benign into a malignant cancer cell. (3) Evolution of a premalignant cell from a promoter-dependent to a promoter-independent state.

62
Q

monoclonal

A

Describing a population of cells, all of which derive by direct descent from a common ancestral cell. See also polyclonal.

63
Q

polyclonal

A

Describing a population of cells that trace their origins to two or more founding ancestral cells. See also monoclonal.

64
Q

epigenetic

A

(1) Referring to a process that affects phenotype without the involvement of genetic changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genome. (2) Referring to a mechanism enabling the transmission of a heritable trait from a cell to its progeny that does not depend directly on changes of specific nucleotide sequences in its genome. (3) Referring to a mechanism that creates a heritable trait, as in (2), and maintains expression of this trait in the absence of ongoing exposure to the stimulus that initially induced the expression of this trait. See also genetic.

65
Q

leiomyomas

A

Benign tumor of the mesenchymal cells forming the wall of the uterus.

66
Q

immunoglobulin

A

An antibody molecule assembled from two heavy and two light chains.

67
Q

cells-of-origin

A

The normal cell that serves as the ancestor of all the neoplastic cells within a tumor, i.e., their last common normal ancestor.

68
Q

hypoxic

A

State of lower-than-normal oxygen tension

69
Q

Warburg effect

A

The use by cancer cells of glycolysis as a major source of energy production under aerobic conditions that would normally favor use of the far more efficient Krebs/ citric acid cycle. Also termed aerobic glycolysis.

70
Q

turnover number

A

The rate with which an enzyme processes its substrate, usually presented as the number of enzymatic reactions catalyzed per second by a single enzyme molecule.

71
Q

incidence

A

Frequency with which a condition or a disease occurs or is diagnosed in a population.

72
Q

etiologic

A

(1) Mechanism or agent that is responsible for causing a specific pathological state. (2) The study of causative mechanisms of pathology.

73
Q

procarcinogens

A

A chemical compound that, while being relatively nonreactive chemically, can be converted into a highly reactive carcinogen, usually through metabolic processes.

74
Q

ultimate carcinogens

A

A chemical compound that is able to directly contribute to the induction of cancer without prior (or further) chemical modification, usually by direct chemical interaction with DNA, thereby altering the structure of the latter.

75
Q

detoxification

A

To render a previously toxic substance harmless.

76
Q

promoters

A

(1) An agent that furthers the progression of multi-step tumorigenesis by nongenetic mechanisms, notably those involving inflammation and/or mitogenesis. (2) The sequence within a gene that controls its transcription.

77
Q

hepatocytes

A

Epithelial cell type that forms the bulk of the liver and is responsible for virtually all of its metabolic activities.

78
Q

pathogenesis

A

Process that leads to the creation of a disease state.

79
Q

Tissue Sites of more common Adenocarcinomas?

A

(9) Lung, Colon, Breast, Stomach, Pancreas, Esophagus, Prostate, Endometrium, Ovary

80
Q

Tissue Sites of more common Squamous cell Carcinomas?

A

(7) Skin, Nasal Cavity, Oropharynx, Larynx, Lung, Esophagus, Cervix

81
Q

Apatite

A

Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, usually referring to hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite and chlorapatite, with high concentrations of OH−, F−and Cl− ions, respectively, in the crystal.

82
Q

Difference between Lymphoma and Leukemia

A

The main difference between leukemias and lymphomas is that in leukemia, the cancer cells are mainly in the bone marrow and blood, while lymphoma they tend to be in lymph nodes and other tissues.

A002 CANCER (2 decks)

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