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Bobby- CP - Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the area of a triangle?

A

Area of a triangle: 1/2bh

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2
Q

What is the equation for power?

A

Power = Work/time = force*velocity (units: 1 W = 1J/1s)

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3
Q

What is the equation for rate constant?

A

k = 1/s = s^-1

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4
Q

How does density relate to an object’s ability to float?

A

Lag time (how quickly object rises to surface) is based on density - more dense = slower lag time

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5
Q

What is a Sulfonyl group and a Urea group?

A

Sulfonyl group: Sulfur with two double-bonded oxygens attached, Urea group: Carbon with one double-bonded oxygen and two N’s

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6
Q

What are the relative wavelengths of various waves?

A

X-rays: 110^-11 m (smallest), Visible light: 710^-7 - 410^-7 m, Microwaves: 110^-3 m (largest)

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7
Q

What causes an equilibrium imbalance?

A

Equilibrium imbalance can be caused by either an increase in electrical forces or a decrease in surface tension

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8
Q

What do competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors do?

A

Competitive inhibitor: increases KM, does not change Vmax, Noncompetitive inhibitor: lowers Vmax, Km unchanged

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9
Q

What are the relative reactivities of carboxylic acid derivative compounds?

A

Acyl halides > Anhydrides > esters and acids > amides

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10
Q

If a reaction is locked into the products, is the thermodynamic cost larger or smaller for breaking that bond?

A

If a reaction “locks,” that means that the thermodynamic cost of breaking the bond is smaller than the release of formation

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11
Q

What is an imine group?

A

Imine group: R double-bonded to N, which is single bonded to another R

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12
Q

What are the R/S rules?

A

Priority assigned by: higher atomic number, H should be pointed away (dashed), R - clockwise

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13
Q

What are fatty acid chains?

A

Fatty acids are long alkyl chains that terminate in a carboxylic acid group. Ex: CH3(CH2)10COOH

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14
Q

What are the types of decay?

A

Alpha decay, Beta (-) decay, Gamma emission (need further definitions)

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15
Q

What is the main difference between Na+ and K+?

A

Na+ and K+ are chemically similar, but K+ is larger than Na+, so reducing the channel diameter favors Na+ over K+

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16
Q

What is the sound velocity equation?

A

The sound velocity equation is: v = SQRT (K/p), where K= bullk modulus and p=density

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17
Q

What is azide?

A

Azide is N3- and it is a powerful nucleophile

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18
Q

How to use percent composition to find molarity

A

Use given density and percent composition to find mass, then put that over 1 L

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19
Q

What is boiling point defined as?

A

Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a solution is equal to the atmospheric pressure (decrease in P vap –> higher boiling pt)

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20
Q

Why is the solid state of water less dense than the liquid state?

A

The bent structure of water and ratio of covalently-bonded hydrogens to lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen maximizes the H-bonding that occurs in the solid phase, producing a hexagonal structure w/ large empty spaces

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21
Q

What is the structure of the sulfate and sulfite anion?

A

(SO4)2- is the sulfate anion, (SO3)2- is the sulfite anion

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22
Q

What would be the best way to separate a carboxylic acid from an aldehyde (that only differs between the OH and H group)?

A

An extraction based on their differing solubilities - the acidic carboxylic acid (if deprotonated) will be much more soluble in water since it is polar

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23
Q

What are the functions of boiling chips and vacuum distillation during distillations?

A

Boiling chips - provide nucleation sites for the liquid, vacuum distillation - lowers the boiling points of the substance to be distilled (by lowering P atm)

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24
Q

Which substance will remain at the bottom of the flask after a vacuum distillation?

A

The substance remaining at the bottom of the flask will be the substance with the higher boiling point (more H bonds)

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25
Q

How to calculate total force from turning force and normal force?

A

The total force experienced by the foot due to the ground is the hypotenuse of the turning force and normal force

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26
Q

How to determine the amount of moles or volume present for titration of a monoprotic acid?

A

At the equivalence point: M(base)V(base) = M(acid)V(acid) = moles acid

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27
Q

What is Newton’s third law?

A

F (A on B) = -F (B on A)

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28
Q

What is true of diatomic Nitrogen gas?

A

Diatomic nitrogen gas is relatively inert and can be used as the atmosphere in lab conditions to prevent unwanted side reactions

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29
Q

What are the equations for power when working with circuits?

A

P = IV, or P = I^2R, or P = V^2/R

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30
Q

What purpose does LiAlH4 serve in organic chemistry?

A

LiAlH4 is a reducing agent, which causes the gain of hydrogen bonds or loss of oxygen bonds

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31
Q

How do know quickly if a molecule is a steroid?

A

It ends in “-one,” “-en,” or “-ol”

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32
Q

Where do carbonyl and hydroyl groups fall in IR spectroscopy?

A

The carbonyl (C=O) group falls in the range of 1700-1750 cm-1, while the hydroxyl (O-H) group falls in the range of 3200-3500 cm-1

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33
Q

Which amino acid forms disulfide linkages?

A

Disulfide linkages form between the side chains of (C) Cysteine and (C) Cysteine residues (forming an S-S bond)

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34
Q

How are electrons passed along the electron transport chain?

A

O2, as the final electron acceptor, must have the highest standard reduction potential (electrons are passed from less positive potentials to more positive)

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35
Q

How does energy availability affect a biological process?

A

The useful free energy (that is harvested) must be higher than the energy required to drive a process

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36
Q

How does the angle of incidence relate to the angle of reflection?

A

The angle of incidence always equals the angel of reflection

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37
Q

Which solvent would react most heavily with a protein with many leucine side chains?

A

Hexane, as a non-polar solvent would react most heavily with a side chain of leucine (also non-polar)

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38
Q

What kind of compound would react most quickly to form a cation? (in relation to the delta H value)

A

A compound with the lowest △Hf would react most quickly, because it requries the least amount of energy

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39
Q

What effect would the addition of a fluorine substituent have on carbocation stability?

A

The fluorine group will be destabilizing because it is highly electronegative

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40
Q

What is the equation for Gibbs free energy?

A

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

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41
Q

What form do metals take at standard temperature?

A

Assume that metal oxides are solids at standard temperature

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42
Q

<p>What are the functions of microtubules in the cell?</p>

A

<p>Microtubules are used in the transport of vesicles and the positioning of organelles within the cell. Also form the spindle apparatus in mitosis and meiosis</p>

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43
Q

Need to go back and look up the different types of decay, and what their products/reactants are

A

Need to go back and look up the different types of decay, and what their products/reactants are

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44
Q

If water is the stationary phase in chromatography, what will determine migration?

A

The relative amount of hydrogen bonding (to water as the stationary phase) will determine the relative rate of migration of the components in chromatography

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45
Q

How can you determine that a reaction is NOT stereospecific?

A

Two different products are formed

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46
Q

What type of functional group is formed during peptide bond formation?

A

An amide group forms during peptide bond formation

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47
Q

What type of reaction is subject to steric hindrance?

A

The rate of substitution of protonated alcohols is subject to steric hindrance

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48
Q

Which functional group will migrate the fastest (first peak) in a gas-liquid chromatograph?

A

The molecule that has the lowest molecular weight and also the weakest intermolecular forces

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49
Q

Which oxygens should you not label in order to identify a reaction?

A

Carboxylic acids will swap the oxygens in the =O and -OH before the reaction, therefore labeling these oxygens is futile

50
Q

How to decrease the ionization of a weak acid?

A

Adding a strong acid to a solution of weak acid will decrease the amount of ionization of the latter (memorize strong acids)

51
Q

What is the equation for velocity in a medium using index of refraction?

A

c = nv (c is speed of light, n is index of refraction, v is velocity of light in the medium)

52
Q

What is the intesity of electromagnetic radiation proportional to?

A

The energy of electromagnetic radiation is directly proportional to the number of photons, and the intensity is energy/time. So intensity is directly proportional to the number of photons emitted

53
Q

What is the equation for energy of a photon?

A

E = hv (h is a given constant, v is frequency)

54
Q

What is the equation for power?

A

Power: P = Work/time

55
Q

How to determine the type of bonds present in a compound?

A

If multiple molecules of one compound come together to form a second solid compound, the new compound is stabilized by intermolecular bonds?

56
Q

What is the hybridization of the central atom in an octahedral compound?

A

d2sp3 is the hybridization of the central atom in an octahedral compound

57
Q

What is a property of an ideal gas?

A

A property of an ideal gas is that it is composed of particles with negligible volume and negligible intermolecular forces

58
Q

What is the function of producing a variety of opsins?

A

The production of a variety of opsins functions to enable the detection of different colors

59
Q

What is the function of a lipase?

A

A lipase reacts with lipids, which means it hydrolyzes fatty acids

60
Q

What are the ONLY amino acids that can become charged?

A

ONLY: H, K, R (positive) and D, E (negative) are charged side chains

61
Q

How to number carbohydrates?

A

Start with the anomeric carbon (the only C attached to two oxygens) as C1

62
Q

What is the type of bond of main chain and branching linkage?

A

Main chain linkage: a-1,4 glycosidic bond, Branching linkage: a-1,6 bond

63
Q

What other monosaccharide is part of UDP-glucose?

A

UDP contains uridine (nucleic acid), so it must contain a pentose (ribose)

64
Q

What is B-1 radioactive decay?

A

B-1 radioactive decay: a neutron is converted into a proton (the element moves up 1)

65
Q

Gamma decay occurs when a nucleus emits what?

A

Gamma decay occurs when a nucleus emits a photon

66
Q

A reaction that produces a gas from a solid and liquid must have what?

A

This reaction must have a positive ΔS° because it is becoming more disordered

67
Q

How to find the overall reaction when two reactions are given

A

Just add the two sides and subtract if both sides have any of the same components

68
Q

What effect does grinding a heterogenous catalyst have on the outcome of a reaction?

A

Grinding a heterogenous catalyst increases the amount of catalyst available (inc surface area), therefore increasing the rate

69
Q

What can you determine when X(s) and Y+(aq) form a new solid?

A

If a new solid forms when X(s) is mixed with Y+(aq), then X is the better reducing agent (because it is oxidized)

70
Q

What is the unit of the Joule (energy)?

A

J = kg * m^2 / s^2

71
Q

What is an agonist and antagonist?

A

Agonist - causes an action, Antagonist - blocks the action

72
Q

When does a salt precipitate by definition?

A

A salt precipitates when the concentration of the reactants [A][B] exceeds the solubility product constant (Ksp)

73
Q

In which direction do electric field lines point?

A

Electric field lines point from the positive charge to the negative charge (think about during membrane potential)

74
Q

What is smaller, a sodium ion or a chloride ion?

A

Sodium ion (Na+) is smaller because it loses an electron to completely lose an outer shell

75
Q

What is the basic structure of cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol (pre-cursor to all steroid hormones) has a fused four-ring structure

76
Q

How do you know if a saccharide can be oxidized by Ag+?

A

Saccharides undergo mutarotation if they can ring-open (which occurs at a hemiacetal group, w/ aldehyde intermediate). These are reducing sugars, which can be oxidized by Ag+

77
Q

What would the y-int show on a Lineweaver-Burk plot?

A

The y-int (when x=0) would show the Vmax info for the Lineweaver-Burk plot

78
Q

What is the definition of an oxidation/reduction reaction?

A

Redox reaction: when molecules in the reaction change oxidation states (have to manually calculate this)

79
Q

How is the Doppler effect used with ultrasound waves to provide fetal images?

A

Doppler effect relates the frequency of the ultrasound wave as detected by a moving detector to the frequency of the wave when the source is stationary, the speed of the source, and the speed of the detector

80
Q

Why does HF have a higher than expected boiling point (among 7A hydrides)?

A

HF has a higher than expected bp because it is effected by hydrogen bonding

81
Q

What does principal quantum number measure?

A

Principal quantum number (n) is a measure of approximate radial size of an electron cloud

82
Q

What is the equation for heat energy?

A

q = mc(delta)T to find the amount of heat energy required to raise 1 kg of a molecule by 1 K (answer in Joules)

83
Q

What to remember about ring compound and its equil parent compound?

A

Recognize that the the ring compound will exist in equilibrium with the “parent” compound

84
Q

What are the two main peaks in the IR spectrum?

A

The C=O is 1700-1750 cm, while the -OH shows the 3200-3500 cm

85
Q

How to know if the enzyme catalyst is chiral?

A

If neither reactant is chiral, but a chiral product forms, then the enzyme catalyst must be chiral

86
Q

How to remove water from the frozen sample of an aqueous solution of protein?

A

Sublimation under reduced pressure will keep the mixture cold and will maintain the protein in its native state

87
Q

What is the proper orientation for cyanohydrin and benzaldehyde hydrolysis?

A

For cyanohydrin and benzaldehyde to be hydrolyzed, the CN group must be directly attached to the ring

88
Q

What is Archimedes’ Principle?

A

Archimedes - the ratio of the density of an object to the density of the fluid it is submersed in is equal to the ratio of the weight of the object in air to the difference of submersed weight and weight in air (density of human: Wair/(Wair-Ww)

89
Q

How to distinguish AMP from ADP from ATP

A

AMP - one phosphate group, ADP - two phosphate groups, ATP - three phosphate groups

90
Q

What is a carboxylate group?

A

“Carboxylate” group is a deprotonated carboxylic acid (the only two AA’s with carboxylate group are aspartate and glutamate)

91
Q

What type of AA would favorably bind with ADP (or AMP or ATP)?

A

Positively charged AA’s (His, Lys, Arg) would favorably bind with ADP because of the neg-charged phosphate groups

92
Q

How to calculate the energy of an emitted photon?

A

Energy of a photon: E=hf (h is a constant, f is frequency in Hz, E is energy in J which is equiv to V*Q)

93
Q

What does B- decay release?

A

B- decay releases an electron

94
Q

Review Doppler Effect stuff

A

Review Doppler Effect stuff

95
Q

What is the equation relating power and work?

A

P=W/t, which leads to W=P*t

96
Q

How to obtain a balanced reaction using half-reactions?

A

Add the half reactions to get a balanced reaction. Most common: NADH–> NAD+ + H+ + 2e- and then subtract common reactants and products from the overall reaction

97
Q

???

A

???

98
Q

How to calculate using negative exponents?

A

100 * 10^-8 = 1 * 10^-6 (make sure to add the exponent upward (more positive) when moving the decimal place )

99
Q

What happens when organic molecules absorb ultraviolet light?

A

Absorption of UV light by organic molecules always results in excitation of bound electrons (bond breaking and vibration can result, but not always – when does this happen?)

100
Q

What is the order of increasing polarity of organic molecules?

A

Alcohols are more polar and thus more hydrophilic than ketones

101
Q

What is the definition of the half-life of radioactive material?

A

The half-life of a radioactive material is the time it takes for half of all the radioactive nuclei to decay into their daughter nuclei (which may or may not also be radioactive)

102
Q

Why must a person sitting down either lean forward or slide their feet under the chair in order to stand up?

A

When standing, feet on ground is only support. The person is in equilibrium only when the center of mass is directly above their feet. If they didn’t, they would fall backward due to torque

103
Q

Which phosphate is transferred from ATP to phosphorylate any molecule?

A

The phoshporyl transfer from kinases comes the γ-phosphate (gamma phosphate) of ATP

104
Q

Which amino acid would most mimic a phosphate group?

A

E or D (deprotonated) would be the amino acid that would most mimic a negatively charged phosphate group

105
Q

What are the storage lipids and what is their structure?

A

Triacylglycerols are the main neutral storage lipids (three fatty acids ester-linked to a single glycerol

106
Q

What is the definition of a coordinate covalent bond (and coordinate ionic idk?)

A

The Lewis acid-base interaction between a metal cation and an electron pair donor is known as a coordinate covalent bond

107
Q

What is the definition of coordination number?

A

Coordination number: the number of ligands attached to the central ion (the number of donor atoms) (ex: For Cu(NH3)4 – the coordination number of Cu is 4 because 4 molecules of NH3 are attached)

108
Q

What does Ksp (Solubility product constant) mean for a molecule?

A

Ksp is equal to the concentrations of what the reactant dissolves into. So Ksp for CaCO3 is = [Ca^2+]*[CO3^2-]

109
Q

What does a higher bond energy signify?

A

Higher bond energy esentially means harder to break, so the bond is shorter

110
Q

How to calculate deltaH for a reaction?

A

To calculate deltaH for a reaction: (positive delta H of reactants) + (- delta H for the products). So if the deltaH for the products is higher, the overall deltaH should be negative

111
Q

This was a dumb mistake

A

Bonds between identical atoms will always be the most Non-polar

112
Q

Other ways to calculate work?

A

Work can be calculated using the change in potential energy (so use E=mgh, E=1/2mv^2, and E=1/2kx^2)

113
Q

What does a negative focal length signify?

A

Review light waves (1/f, etc): - focal length signifies diverging lenses, which form virtual and reduced images of objects situated at distances larger than the focal length

114
Q

What takes place in a battery-powered resistive circuit when the current is flowing?

A

The chemical energy of the battery elements is used as electrical energy to set the charge carriers in motion through the resistor, where they experience drag from the resistive conductor and dissipate their energy as heat

115
Q

What is the Doppler Effect

A

The frequency that a person hears before passing a sound is larger than the actual frequency emitted, while the person hears a frequency lower than the actual frequency after passing the sound

116
Q

What is an oxidation-reduction reaction?

A

When oxidation states of reactants change in the products

117
Q

What is the period of a wave?

A

Period of a wave is the distance between two peaks

118
Q

How to determine the net reaction

A

Net reaction: remove all of the compounds that the same if on both sides

119
Q

What is the property of ionization energy?

A

Ionization energy increases going up the periodic table because the electron is closer to the nucleus (harder to remove an electron)

120
Q

What is a property of a wave that does not change as it passes through a medium?

A

Frequency is a property of a wave that is not changed by the medium through which it passes

121
Q

How to find velocity if you know acceleration?

A

Velocity is the derivative of acceleration

Bobby's MCAT Flashcards (4 decks)

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