Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Boards & Beyond > Boards & Beyond: Respiratory Slides > Flashcards

Boards & Beyond: Respiratory Slides Flashcards

1
Q

Chronic bronchitis

Pathology:

Symptoms/Signs:

Cause:

Lab findings:

A

Pathology: “Blue Bloater”

Hypertrophy of mucinous glands/wall (>50%) causing plugs & a higher risk of infection

Symptoms/Signs:
1) Cough/Dyspnea
2) Crackles/Wheezing
3) Cyanosis (shunting)

Cause:
Poor ventilation
Hypoxic vasoconstriction
Pulmonary HTN
Cor pulmonale (right-sided)
Lab findings:

Labs:
Reid index (thickened glands/wall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pathology: “Blue Bloater”

Hypertrophy of mucinous glands/wall (>50%) causing plugs & a higher risk of infection

Symptoms/Signs:
1) Cough/Dyspnea
2) Crackles/Wheezing
3) Cyanosis (shunting)

Cause:
Poor ventilation
Hypoxic vasoconstriction
Pulmonary HTN
Cor pulmonale (right-sided)
Lab findings:

Labs:
Reid index (thickened glands/wall)

A

Chronic bronchitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Emphysema

Pathology:

Symptoms/Signs:

Cause:

Lab findings:

A

Pathology: “Pink Puffer”
Destruction of alveoli & elastic recoil resulting in small airways that collapse on exhalation

Symptoms/Signs:
1) Dyspnea/Cough
2) Hyperventilation
3) Weight loss/Barrel chest
4) Cor pulmonale

Cause:
1) Smoking
(central acinar damage/upper lung)

2) a1 anti trypsin deficiency
(panacinar damage/lower lung)

Lab findings:
Loss of surface area for O2 absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pathology: “Pink Puffer”
Destruction of alveoli & elastic recoil resulting in small airways that collapse on exhalation

Symptoms/Signs:
1) Dyspnea/Cough
2) Hyperventilation
3) Weight loss/Barrel chest
4) Cor pulmonale

Cause:
1) Smoking
(central acinar damage/upper lung)

2) a1 anti trypsin deficiency
(panacinar damage/lower lung)

Lab findings:
Loss of surface area for O2 absorption

A

Emphysema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Emphysema due to smoking

A

Central acinar damage from too much protease production causing damage in the upper lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Central acinar damage from too much protease production causing damage in the upper lung

A

Emphysema due to smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Emphysema due to a1-antitrypsin deficiency

A

Panacinar damage from ineffective antiproteases causing damage in the lower lobe of the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Panacinar damage from ineffective antiproteases causing damage in the lower lobe of the lung

A

a1-antitrypsin deficiency emphysema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

a1-antitrypsin deficiency

Pathology:

Symptoms/Signs:

Cause:

Avoid:

A

Pathology:
Deficient or dysfunctional AAT causing too much elastase in the lungs in younger patients (~40yrs). In the lungs it causes panacinar damage (lower lobe) & in the liver it accumulates causing cirrhosis

Symptoms/Signs:
1) Classic COPD signs (Cough, sputum, wheeze)

Lab findings:
CX-ray shows emphysema (lower lobes) & obstructive PFT (Low FEV1/FVC ratio)

Avoid:
Smoking (it stimulates more elastase production)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Asthma

Pathology:

Symptoms/Signs:

Lab findings:

Cause/Triggers:

A

Pathology:
Reversible bronchoconstriction (type 1 hypersensitivity)

Symptoms/Signs: Episodic
1) Wheezing/Coughing/Dyspnea
2) Low I/E ratio and peak flow (hypoxia)

Lab findings:
1) Cruschmann’s spirals
2) Charcot-Leyden crystals

Test:
Methacholine
(low does & low FEV1 is +ve test)

Cause/Triggers:
URI
Stress/Exercise/Cold
Allergens
Aspirin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pathology:
Reversible bronchoconstriction (type 1 hypersensitivity)

Symptoms/Signs: Episodic
1) Wheezing/Coughing/Dyspnea
2) Low I/E ratio and peak flow (hypoxia)

Lab findings:
1) Cruschmann’s spirals
2) Charcot-Leyden crystals

Test:
Methacholine
(low does & low FEV1 is +ve test)

Cause/Triggers:
URI
Stress/Exercise/Cold
Allergens
Aspirin

A

Asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

AERD (Aspirin Exacerbated Respiratory Disease)

How does Aspirin/NSAIDs precipitate Conditions like aspirin-induced asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis & nasal polyposis?

A

Aspirin/NSAIDS cause dysregulation of arachidonic-acid metabolism causing too much leukotriene production (pro-inflammatory)

Treatment:
Montelukast or Zafirlukast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bronchiectasis

Pathology:

Symptoms/Signs:

Causes:

A

Pathology:
Chronic/recurrent airway inflammation causes permanent dilation

Symptoms/Signs:
1) Recurrent infections
2) Cough/Excessive-Stinky sputum
3) Hemoptysis
4) Cor pulmonale
5) Amyloidosis

Causes:
Obstruction (tumor)
Smoking
Cystic fibrosis
Kartagener syndrome
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pathology:
Chronic/recurrent airway inflammation causes permanent dilation

Symptoms/Signs:
1) Recurrent infections
2) Cough/Excessive-Stinky sputum
3) Hemoptysis
4) Cor pulmonale
5) Amyloidosis

Causes:
Obstruction (tumor)
Smoking
Cystic fibrosis
Kartagener syndrome
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

A

Bronchiectasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Kartagener syndrome

Pathology:

Symptoms/Signs:

Lab findings:

A

Pathology:
A dynein arm mutation resulting in immotile cilia (usually in children)

Symptoms/Signs:
1) Recurrent sinusitis & ear infections
2) Male infertility
3) Situs inversus
4) Chronic cough

Lab findings:
Chest CT shows bronchiectasis & obstructed PFT (Low FEV1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pathology:
A dynein arm mutation resulting in immotile cilia (usually in children)

Symptoms/Signs:
1) Recurrent sinusitis & ear infections
2) Male infertility
3) Situs inversus
4) Chronic cough

Lab findings:
Chest CT shows bronchiectasis & obstructed PFT (Low FEV1)

A

Kartagener syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

Pathology:

Risks:

Symptoms/Signs:

Lab findings:

Tests:

Treatment:

A

Pathology:
A hypersensitivity reaction when aspergillus becomes colonized in the lungs (low virulence)

Risks:
Immunocompromised
Asthmatics
Cystic fibrosis

Symptoms/Signs:
1) Recurrent cough, fever, malaise
2) Brownish mucus plugs
3) hemoptysis

Lab findings:
* Peripheral blood eosinophilia
* High IgE level
* Bronchiectasis on imaging
* PFTs with obstruction

Testing:
Skin aspergillosis test

Treatment:
Steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pathology:
A hypersensitivity reaction when aspergillus becomes colonized in the lungs (low virulence)

Risks:
Immunocompromised
Asthmatics
Cystic fibrosis

Symptoms/Signs:
1) Recurrent cough, fever, malaise
2) Brownish mucus plugs
3) hemoptysis

Lab findings:
* Peripheral blood eosinophilia
* High IgE level
* Bronchiectasis on imaging
* PFTs with obstruction

Testing:
Skin aspergillosis test

Treatment:
Steroids

A

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

19
Q

Pneumoconiosis

Coal miners lung

Pathology:

A

Pathology:
Chest X-ray or CT shows small rounded & nodular opacities in the upper lobes

20
Q

Pathology:
Chest X-ray or CT shows small rounded & nodular opacities in the upper lobes

A

Coal miners lung

21
Q

Pneumoconiosis

Silicosis

Pathology:

Tests:

A

Pathology:
Inhalation of silica in quartz, sandstone, or granite causing inflammation & collagen in the upper lobes

Test:
Chest X-ray shows eggshell calcifications of lymph nodes

22
Q

Pathology:
Inhalation of silica in quartz, sandstone, or granite causing inflammation & collagen in the upper lobes

Test:
Chest X-ray shows eggshell calcifications of lymph nodes

A

Pneumoconiosis

Silicosis

23
Q

Pneumoconiosis

Asbestos

Pathology:

Tests/Labs:

A

Pathology:
From roofing/plumbing that can result in cancers (bronchogenic and mesothelioma)

Tests/Labs:
1) Chest X-ray shows pleural plaques in the lower lobes
2) Asbestos bodies (ferruginous bodies)

24
Q

Pathology:
From roofing/plumbing that can result in cancers (bronchogenic and mesothelioma)

Tests/Labs:
1) Chest X-ray shows pleural plaques in the lower lobes
2) Asbestos bodies (ferruginous bodies)

A

Asbestos

25
Q

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Pathology:

Symptoms/Signs:

Diagnostic tests:

Treatment:

A

Pathology:
Farmers or bird handlers (pigeon)

Symptoms/Signs:
1) Cough/Dyspnea
2) Chest tightness
3) Diffuse crackles

Diagnostic tests:
1) Bronchoalveolar lavage
2) Inhalation challenge
3) Lung biopsy

Treatment:
Avoid exposure & give steroids

26
Q

Pathology:
Farmers or bird handlers (pigeon)

Symptoms/Signs:
1) Cough/Dyspnea
2) Chest tightness
3) Diffuse crackles

Diagnostic tests:
1) Bronchoalveolar lavage
2) Inhalation challenge
3) Lung biopsy

Treatment:
Avoid exposure & give steroids

A

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

27
Q

Short acting B2 agonists used in COPD & Asthma medications?

A

Albuterol

28
Q

Long acting B2 agonists used in COPD & Asthma medications?

A

Salmeterol & Formoterol

29
Q

Short acting Muscarinic antagonists used in COPD & Asthma medications?

A

Ipratropium

30
Q

Long acting Muscarinic antagonists used in COPD & Asthma medications?

A

Tiotropium

31
Q

Inhaled Steroids used in COPD & Asthma medications?

A

Beclomethasone, Fluticasone, & Budesonide

32
Q

IV Steroids used in COPD & Asthma medications?

A

Methylprednisone (Solumedrol)

33
Q

Eicosanoid drugs used in asthma include which drugs?

A

1) Montelukast (LTD 4 antagonists)
2) Zileuton (lipoxygenase 5 inhibitor)

34
Q

Omalizumab

What is it?

What does it treat?

A

IgG monoclonal Abs that inhibits IgE from binding IgE receptors on mast cells & basophils

35
Q

Cromolyn

What is it?

What does it treat?

A

Inhibits mast cell degeneration to block the release of histamine & leukotrienes

36
Q

Theophylline (Methylxanthines)

What is it?

What does it treat?

Side effects?

A

Causes bronchodilation by inhibiting PDE & down regulating inflammatory cell functions

Treats:
COPD

Side effects:
Gi toxicity
neurotoxicity (seizures)
Cardiotoxicity (Arrythmias/Atrial flutter)

37
Q

Lobar pneumonia

Pathology:
- stages

Causes:

A

Pathology:
When s. pneumoniae infiltrates type 2 alveolar cells causing inflammation and consolidation in of the lobes

Stage 1: Congestion (24hrs)
Alveolar capillaries dilate & bacterial exudate develops

Stage 2: Red hepatization (2-3 days)
RBC, Neutrophil, & Fibrin exudate develops

Stage 3: Gray hepatization (4-6 days)
Gray & firm lobe with dying pneumococci

Stage 4: Resolution
Returns to normal as enzymes digest exudate

38
Q

Pathology:
When s. pneumoniae infiltrates type 2 alveolar cells causing inflammation and consolidation in of the lobes

Stage 1: Congestion (24hrs)
Alveolar capillaries dilate & bacterial exudate develops

Stage 2: Red hepatization (2-3 days)
RBC, Neutrophil, & Fibrin exudate develops

Stage 3: Gray hepatization (4-6 days)
Gray & firm lobe with dying pneumococci

Stage 4: Resolution
Returns to normal as enzymes digest exudate

A

Lobar pneumonia

39
Q

Bronchopneumonia

Pathology:

Causes:

A

Pathology:
Patchy inflammation of MULTIPLE lobules involving airways and surrounding interstitium caused by S. aureus

40
Q

Pathology:
Patchy inflammation of MULTIPLE lobules involving airways and surrounding interstitium caused by S. aureus

A

Bronchopneumonia

41
Q

Atypical pneumonia

Pathology:

Labs:

A

Pathology:
A milder form of pneumonia caused by
1) legionella pneumophilia
2) mycoplasma pneumoniae
3) Chlamydophila pneumoniae

Labs:
Chest X-ray shows interstitial infiltrates

42
Q

Pathology:
A milder form of pneumonia caused by
1) legionella pneumophilia
2) mycoplasma pneumoniae
3) Chlamydophila pneumoniae

Labs:
Chest X-ray shows interstitial infiltrates

A

Atypical pneumonia

43
Q

Common causes of pneumonia in adults include..

A

S. pneumoniae
H. influenza
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
C. pneumoniae
Legionella

44
Q
  • No co-morbidities
  • No recent antibiotic use
  • Low community rates resistance
  • Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, or Doxycycline
  • Three to five day course
  • Patient should be afebrile 48-72 hrs and clinically stable
A

Boards & Beyond (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions