Boards Flashcards
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AED with adverse effects of aplastic anemia and idiosyncratic liver failure
Felbamate
AED associated with encephalopathy
Tiagabine
AED used for absence seizures and well-tolerated
Ethosuximide
Alcohol use biomarker that can detect use over a 3-week period
Phosphatidyl ethanol (PEth)
Alcohol use biomarker detectable in blood for up to 36 hours
Ethyl glucuronide (EtG)
Alcohol use biomarker detectable for a short period (up to 48 hours)
Ethyl succinate (EtS)
Superior biomarker for moderate to heavy alcohol consumption
Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT)
Three α-Synucleinopathies
Neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy (MSA), Parkinson’s disease
Criteria for neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies
Neurocognitive dysfunction + at least 2 of: fluctuating cognition, recurrent visual hallucinations, REM sleep behavior disorder, Parkinson symptoms
Which Aβ peptide is more prone to aggregation and possibly more pathogenic in Alzheimer’s disease?
Aβ1-42
Legal insanity rule requiring the defendant to have no idea what they did or can’t tell right from wrong
M’Naghten rule
Standard for legal insanity set by the American Law Institute Model Penal Code
Lacks substantial capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of conduct
Secondary vesicle that gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres and Globus pallidus
Telencephalon
Secondary vesicle that develops into the thalamus and hypothalamus
Diencephalon
AED that is cleared by the kidney unchanged
Topiramate
How is the CIWA-AR scored?
10 symptoms scored from 0 to 7, total score indicates severity of withdrawal
Range of CIWA-AR scores indicating severe alcohol withdrawal
15 or more
Effect of ECT on seizure threshold
Increases seizure threshold
EEG change associated with barbiturates or benzodiazepines
Increased beta activity
EEG change associated with opioids
Decreased alpha activity
EEG change associated with alcohol
Increased theta activity
Pathophysiology of PTSD
Disturbed amygdala–prefrontal cortex circuitry function during face emotion processing
Pathophysiology of schizophrenia
Impairment in excitation-inhibitory balance due to altered NMDA receptor signaling
Presentation of SIADH
Hyponatremia, low serum osmolality, high urine osmolality, concentrated urine
Erikson’s stage for ages 12 to 18
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Nerve conduction process responsible for the absolute refractory period
Inactivation of Na+ channels
Sleep disturbance in major depressive disorder
Decreased REM latency, increased REM sleep
EEG characteristics of Stage N3 sleep
Delta waves, low frequency (0.5-2 Hz), high amplitude
Peak time for heroin withdrawal symptoms
36 to 72 hours after cessation
12-month prevalence of GAD in adults in the US
2.90%
FDA-approved medications for Tourette disorder
Haloperidol, aripiprazole, pimozide
Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in adolescents according to NCS-A
49.50%
Posttranslational modification that increases or decreases protein functional activity
Phosphorylation
Posttranscriptional modification that stabilizes mRNA and helps its exit from the nucleus
Addition of poly-A tail
Spinal cord syndrome characterized by variable quadriparesis
Central cord syndrome
Spinal cord syndrome with loss of contralateral pain and temperature below the lesion
Brown-Sequard syndrome
Behavioral health screening tool for adolescents
CRAFFT (Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Friends, Trouble)
4-item screening questionnaire for problem drinking
CAGE (Cut down, annoyed, guilty, eye-opener)
Measures signs and symptoms during narcotic withdrawal
CINA (Clinical Institute Narcotic Assessment)
Benzodiazepine with rapid absorption and 17-hour half-life
Estazolam
Benzodiazepine with rapid absorption and 100-hour half-life
Flurazepam
Benzodiazepine with slow absorption and 8-hour half-life
Oxazepam
Benzodiazepine with medium absorption and 11-hour half-life
Temazepam
Benzodiazepine with rapid absorption and 2-hour half-life
Triazolam
Benzodiazepines best used in severe hepatic compromise
Lorazepam, Oxazepam, Temazepam (metabolized by glucuronidation)
What is the major active metabolite of caffeine that mediates its psychostimulant effect?
Paraxanthines (84% of caffeine metabolites)
How do polymorphisms of the gene that encodes P-450 2D6 affect codeine use?
Provide protection against nonmedical use by modulating accumulation of toxic metabolites, serving as a negative stimulus
AED with adverse effects of agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia
Carbamazepine
Polyuria
polydipsia
Polyuria
polydipsia
Water retention
hyponatremia
How does a mutation in CHNRA5 gene affect the nicotine receptor and carrier?
Decreases sensitivity to nicotine, increases risk of nicotine use disorder
Changes in serotonin receptors in suicidal behavior
Increased 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor expression in prefrontal cortex; increased 5-HT2A receptor protein expression in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
Reason for serotonin receptor changes in suicidal behavior
Compensatory mechanism for decreased serotonin activity of neurons
Changes in adrenergic receptors in suicidal behavior
Increased β-adrenergic binding; increased α2-adrenergic receptor densities and protein expression in hypothalamus and frontal cortex
Changes in glutamate receptors in suicidal behavior
Increased AMPA receptors in caudate nucleus
Reason for glutamate receptor changes in suicidal behavior
Likely a compensatory mechanism for low glutamate levels
Changes in opioid receptors in suicidal behavior
Decreased density of μ-opioid receptors in frontal and temporal cortex
Changes in muscarinic receptors in suicidal behavior
Increased binding of M1 and M4 muscarinic receptors in anterior cingulate cortex
Oscillations of inhibitory thalamic reticular neurons and excitatory thalamocortical and corticothalamic neurons - EEG pattern of what kind of seizures
Absence
Chronic megaloblastic anemia, neurological changes (peripheral nerves, spinal cord, brain), mental changes (apathy, depression, irritability, moodiness), encephalopathy, delirium, delusions, hallucinations, neurocognitive disorder
Cobalamin deficiency (vitamin B12)
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: amnesia, neurocognitive disorder, cerebellar degeneration, nystagmus, ocular-motor paresis
Thiamine (B1) deficiency
Pellagra neurocognitive disorder, dermatitis, diarrhea
Niacin (B3) deficiency
Seizures and psychosis
Pyridoxine (B6) deficiency
Scurvy
Vitamin C deficiency
Treatment for methemoglobinemia caused by nitrite exposure
Methylene blue
Treatment for arrhythmias following inhalant use
Propranolol
Treatment for chronic toluene inhalation presenting with hypokalemia
Sodium bicarbonate
Treatment for acute inhalant intoxication presenting with ventricular arrhythmias
Amiodarone
Mainstay of treatment for lithium-induced NDI
Amiloride
Cerebellar changes in patients with ASD
Reduction in number or atrophy of Purkinje cells, mostly affecting posterolateral neocerebellar cortex and adjacent archicerebellar cortex
fMRI finding associated with OCD
Hyperactivity in the caudate
Mutations in the MECP2 gene located on the X chromosome; can arise sporadically or from germline mutations
Rett syndrome
In chronic addiction
the switch from _______ to _______ -based efferent from the prefrontal cortex to the nucleus accumbens is a hallmark change
Criteria for Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder
Single or multiple motor or vocal tics, with the same age and time parameters as Tourette’s disorder
Criteria for Tourette’s Disorder
Multiple motor and one or more vocal tics present at some time during the illness, persisting for more than one year, with onset younger than 18 years of age
Criteria for Provisional Tic Disorder
Presence of a single tic or multiple motor and/or vocal tics, present for less than 1 year since the first tic onset
