Board Review

Question 1

What term describes a cognitive error characterized by only focusing on negative features of events?

Answer 1

Selective abstraction is a cognitive error where an individual focuses on a single negative detail while ignoring all other positive aspects of a situation.

Question 2

Which term describes a cognitive error where a client applies what is true in another situation to any slightly similar situation?

Answer 2

Over generalizing

Question 3

Which term describes a cognitive error in thinking which the patient immediately thinks of the worst-case scenario?

Answer 3

Catastrophizing. The client may also “predict” or “fortune tell”, which predicts a negative outcome without considering other possibilities.

Question 4

What term describes thinking as black or white; either-or-thinking?

Answer 4

Dichotomous thinking

Question 5

Preconventional morality

Answer 5

First stage of moral development (Kohlberg). Occurs during childhood and adolescence. Focus on consequences of actions rather than on moral principles or opinion of others. Make decisions based on what is best for them. No consideration for the impact on society.

Question 6

Conventional morality

Answer 6

Second stage of moral development (Kohlberg). Focus on societal norms and expectations.

Question 7

Postconcentional morality and Universal Ethical Principles

Answer 7

Kohlberg’s third stage of moral development. Focus is on deeper understanding of moral principles and values.

Question 8

Validity

Answer 8

The degree to which an assessment rating scale measures what it is intended to measure.

Question 9

Minimization

Answer 9

Unreasonably minimizing the positive in a situation.

Question 10

Personalization

Answer 10

Attributing negative reactions to oneself instead of considering the broader context, or taking personal responsibility for things outside of one’s control.

Question 11

Interictal phase of a seizure

Answer 11

Time period between seizures. Patients may experience slow, ponderous conversation, personality disturbances and mood changes. May include irritability, aggression, depression, anxiety, or apathy.

Question 12

Ictal

Answer 12

Tremors and muscle spasms.

Question 13

Post-ictal

Answer 13

Time period after a seizure. Symptoms include confusion and disorientation.

Question 14

Fidelity

Answer 14

Ethical principle of keeping promises and being loyal. Holding information that may be detrimental to a client is a violation of fidelity.

Question 15

Ketamine

Answer 15

Ketamine enhances the release of glutamate by blocking the NMDA receptor. This mechanism increases synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis, important for antidepressant effects.

Question 16

Milieu therapy

Answer 16

Treatment approach that focuses on creating a structured and supportive environment in which clients can learn and practice new skills to improve their mental health and functioning. Key component of MT is social skills training.

Question 17

Mentalization-based treatment (MBT)

Answer 17

Evidence-based psychotherapy approach that focuses on enhancing patients ability that focuses on enhancing patients ability to understand their own and others mental states, especially in the context of interpersonal interactions. Goal is to improve patients capacity to reflect on ones thoughts and feelings and understand those of others.

Question 18

Proximate cause

Answer 18

An element of causation and refers to the idea that a person is only responsible for the foreseeable consequences of their actions.

Question 19

Duty

Answer 19

The legal obligation that a person owes to another person to act reasonably and responsibly.

Question 20

Causation

Answer 20

The connection between breach of duty and the harm suffered by the patient.

Question 21

Damages

Answer 21

The harm suffered by the patient as a result of the breach of duty.

Question 22

Abreaction

Answer 22

Therapeutic factor that involves the process of re-experiencing and releasing pent-up emotions related to past traumatic experiences. This helps patients confront and process unresolved emotional pain and trauma.

Question 23

Dementia puglistica

Answer 23

Dementia caused by repeated head trauma (boxers). Characterized by the accumulation of tau protein in the brain, which can lead to cognitive and behavioral symptoms.

Question 24

Wenicke’s encephalopathy

Answer 24

Thiamine deficiency. Characterized by a triage of symptoms: confusion, ataxia, and opthalmoplegia (inability to move the eyes). Untreated can progress to Koreakoff’s syndrome.

Question 25

Durable power of attorney

Answer 25

Legal in all 50 states.

Question 26

Criterion validity

Answer 26

The degree to which an assessment rating scale correlates with a gold standard measure of the same construct.