BNM Flashcards
- Describe the physiologic effect of neuromuscular blocking drugs (NMBDs).
NMBDs interrupt the transmission of nerve impulses at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and produce paresis or paralysis of skeletal muscles. (156)
- What are some clinical situations in which NMBDs are used to produce skeletal muscle relaxation?
They are used to facilitate tracheal intubation, optimize surgical working conditions, assist in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and facilitate mechanical ventilation in the emergency department and ICU. (157)
- What analgesic effects do NMBDs have?
NMBDs have no intrinsic analgesic or anesthetic effects; if used without adequate anesthesia, patients may experience awareness during paralysis. (157)
- How does the clinician evaluate the intensity of the neuromuscular blockade?
By monitoring the mechanically evoked twitch response using a peripheral nerve stimulator. (157)
- What are some characteristics of NMBDs that may influence the choice of which drug is administered to a given patient?
They differ in mechanism of action, speed of onset, duration of action, route of elimination, and associated side effects. (157)
- What percentage of life-threatening anesthetic-related hypersensitivity reactions are caused by NMBDs?
Approximately 11% to 35% of life-threatening anesthetic-related hypersensitivity reactions are attributed to NMBDs. (157)
- Which NMBDs are the common offenders to triggering life-threatening anesthetic-related hypersensitivity reactions?
Rocuronium and succinylcholine are the most common offenders. (157)
- What is an antigenic component that is common to all NMBDs, resulting in possible allergic cross-reactivity of these drugs?
The quaternary ammonium group is common to all NMBDs and may cause cross-reactivity. (157)
- What is the most common hypersensitivity reaction to sugammadex?
Nausea and urticaria are the most common reactions to sugammadex. (157)
- What is the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?
The NMJ is the specialized synapse where the motor nerve terminal interfaces with the skeletal muscle fiber’s motor end plate to translate neural signals into muscle contraction. (158)
- What events lead to the release of neurotransmitter at the NMJ? What is the neurotransmitter that is released?
An action potential arriving at the motor nerve terminal triggers calcium influx, which causes the release of acetylcholine stored in vesicles into the synaptic cleft. (158)
- What class of receptors is located at prejunctional and postjunctional sites?
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are found at both prejunctional and postjunctional sites. (158)
- What clinical effect results from the stimulation of postjunctional receptors?
Stimulation of postjunctional receptors results in skeletal muscle contraction. (158)
- How is the effect of acetylcholine on the postjunctional receptors terminated?
Acetylcholine is rapidly hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase, which terminates its action and allows repolarization of the muscle membrane. (158)
- Where is acetylcholinesterase located in the NMJ?
Acetylcholinesterase is located in the folds of the motor end-plate region at the NMJ. (158)
- With respect to the NMJ, what are the sites at which nicotinic cholinergic receptors are located?
They are located at prejunctional, postjunctional, and extrajunctional sites. (158-159)
- What is the role of prejunctional receptors?
Prejunctional receptors help facilitate the replenishment and release of acetylcholine in the motor nerve terminal. (159)
- What is the structure of nicotinic cholinergic receptors?
They are pentameric ion channels composed of five subunits. (159)
- Where are the binding sites for acetylcholine on the nicotinic cholinergic receptor?
The binding sites are located on the two α-subunits of the receptor. (159)
- What effect does acetylcholine binding have on the receptor?
Binding of acetylcholine changes the receptor conformation, opening the ion channel to allow sodium and potassium ion flux, which initiates muscle contraction. (159)
- What effect does the binding of a nondepolarizing NMBD have on the receptor?
Nondepolarizing NMBDs bind to one of the α-subunits, thereby preventing acetylcholine from binding and inhibiting muscle contraction. (159)
- What effect does the binding of a depolarizing NMBD have on the receptor?
Depolarizing NMBDs (e.g., succinylcholine) bind to both α-subunits, causing initial depolarization followed by sustained depolarization and subsequent neuromuscular blockade. (159)
- What is the role of extrajunctional receptors?
Extrajunctional receptors are normally suppressed but can proliferate after denervation or trauma, and they are more sensitive to depolarizing agents. (159)
- How does the structure of extrajunctional nicotinic cholinergic receptors differ from the postjunctional receptors?
Extrajunctional receptors have alterations in their γ and δ subunits compared to postjunctional receptors, while their α-subunits remain identical. (159)