BMS2052 - PRAC EXAM Flashcards
Micrococcus luteus (morphology, Gram stain, shape, arrangement, features)
round, smooth, yellow Gram positive cocci tetrad / triskelion / clusters urease positive, catalase positive, obligate aerobe colonises upper resp tract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (morphology, Gram stain, shape, arrangement, features)
round, smooth, concave, dark green Gram positive cocci Chains alpha haemolysis capsular, pathogenic, facultative anaerobe
Clostridium sporogenes (morphology, Gram stain, shape, arrangement, features)
filamentous, white, raised, irregular, concentric
Gram positive
bacillus
random arrangement
spore forming, obligate anaerobe, terminal spores, symbiont
Proteus vulgaris (morphology, Gram stain, shape, arrangement, features)
smooth, round and complex, clear, flat Gram negative bacillus random concentric rings motile, catalase positive, facultative anaerobe
Klebsiella species (Gram stain, shape, features)
Gram negative
bacillus
capsule, facultative anaerobe, lactose fermenting, catalase positive
Bacillus cereus (Gram stain, shape, features)
Gram positive
bacillus
beta haemolysis, motile, central spore forming, facultative anaerobe
Mycobacterium species (Gram stain, shape, features)
No gram classification bacillus mycolic acid cell wall aerobic LJ medium
Vibrio natrigens
Gram negative bacillus requires 2% salt for growth brain heart infusion motile
S. aureus sensitivities and resistances
Vancomycin and Tetracycline S
Methicillin R in MRSA
S. aureus biochemical features
Gram positive, cocci, catalase positive, Lac positive
S. aureus in MSA, HBA and MAC
MSA: yellow colonies
HBA O2: alpha haemolysis
MAC O2: pink (lactase positive)
S. aureus virulence
capsule alpha toxin adhesins coagulase hyaluronidase caratinoid pigment plasmids for Ab resistance
S. aureus diseases
pnemonia meningitis toxic shock syndrome sepsis boils, pimples
S. aureus treatment
vancomycin
tetracycline
S. aureus habitat and conditions
respiratory tract, skin, 37deg, aerobic
S. pneumoniae symptoms
shortness of breath, chest pain
S. pneumoniae details
gram positive
cocci
catalase negative
optochin sensitive
S. pneumoniae media
facultative anaerobe
HBA O2: alpha haemolysis (aerobic) or beta haemolysis (anaerobic)
CBA CO2: gram pos
MAC O2: no growth
S. pneumoniae virulence
capsule
H2O2
apoptosis of dendritic cells
enzymes and shield mechanisms
S. pneumoniae disease
pneumoniae
ear infections
meningitis
bacteremia
S. pneumoniae treatment and prevention
pneumococcal vaccines; penicillin
S. pneumoniae reservoir
nasopharyngeal region
sinus
respiratory tract
may be part of normal flora
S. pyogenes symptoms
red rash and fever with high temperature
pus from cut
S. pyogenes details
gram positive
cocci
catalase negative
aerobic
S. pyogenes media
HBA O2: beta haemolysis
MAC O2: no growth
HBA with bacitracin disk: sensitive
S. pyogenes virulence
protease toxins DNase erythrogenic (causes rash) hyaluronic acid invasins exotoxins
S. pyogenes disease
scarlet fever
rheumatic fever
respiratory diseases
necrosis of muscles
normal flora but pathogenic
S. pyogenes prevention and treatment
penicillin
streptomycin
S. enterobacter symptoms
cramps, nausea, diarrhoea
S. enterobacter details
gram negative
rod
motile
facultative anaerobe
S. enterobacter media
MAC O2: beige colonies, lac-, oxidase neg
XLD O2: red colonies with black centres
S. enterobacter virulence
inflammatory responses acidic resistance motility intracellular invasion T3SS LPS siderophores
S. enterobacter diseases
Irritable bowel syndrome
salmonella
S. enterobacter treatment
cook poultry better
not overly dangerous
V. cholerae symptoms
water diarrhoea with no odour, vomiting, stomach cramps, dehydration, dry mucous membranes
V. cholerae details
gram negative facultative anaerobe alpha haemolysis motile (one flagellum) pili oxidase pos comma shape lac -
V. cholerae virulence
cholera toxin invasins cAMP activators, causing ion efflux flagellated VPI pathogenicity islands
V. cholerae disease
dehydration shock death in extreme cases renal failure metabolic acidosis
V. cholerae treatment
vaccine antitoxin bottled / boiled water avoid raw foods rehydration doxycycline
V. cholerae media
MAC O2: beige colonies, lac-
TSBS: yellow colonies (V. cholerae)
M. tuberculosis symptoms
blood sputum rapid weight loss fever night sweats lung: cavitating lesion (implicating shortness of breath)
M. tuberculosis details
gram positive rod in singles or pairs
acid fast (mycolic acid) - so A/F stain best
aerobic
M. tuberculosis media
LJ media: 21 days
M. tuberculosis virulence
mycolic acid cell wall binds to macrophages
inhabits alveolar cells
prevents maturation of phagosomes
M. tuberculosis disease
tuberculosis
lung infections and diseases
M. tuberculosis treatment
drug regime and vaccinations (BCG)
mantoux test: test for immunity against TB
Actions of V. cholerae in the gastrointestinal tract
Cholera toxin is an A-B toxin targeted to enterocytes
ADP-ribosylation event of G-protein, causing unrestricted activation
Increase in cellular cAMP causes ion efflux and water diarrhoea
Mode of transmittance of V. cholerae
Contamination of water or food
Raw or undercooked seafood
Rare direct person-to-person contact
M. tuberculosis transmission
Airborne dust particles / fomites from affected individual’s cough
B. anthracis features
gram positive spore forming rod spread through blood grown in nutrient medium facultative anaerobe cutaneous, pulmonary, gastrointestinal methods
B. pertussis virulence factors
pertussis toxin (disrupts phagocytic activity) adenylate cyclase (reduction of phagocytic activity) tracheal cytotoxin (paralysis of ciliated cells) filamentous haemagglutinin (adherence to ciliated cells) pertactin (attachment to airway linings) Lipid A + Lipid X = fever Lipid X + O-antigen = severe immune response
Adherence to respiratory epithelial cells -> paralysis of cilia
– mucus buildup and inflammation
B. pertussis treatment
azithromycin
erythromycin
clarithromycin
DTwP or DTaP
C. difficile treatment and description
vancomycin / metronidazole
gram positive, strict anaerobe, rod
C. difficile virulence
AB toxin enteric cytotoxin capsule adhesins flagella
T. pallidum morphology
gram negative
spirochete
flagella
microaerophilic
T. pallidum primary, secondary, late stage
sores
lesions
organ damage and cerebral damage
T. pallidum diagnosis / testing
non-treponemal antigen tests: RPR, VDRL
treponemal antigen tests: FTA-ABS, MHA-Tp
C. perfringens details
gram positive, spores, rod, non motile, strict anaerobe, toxin producing
C. perfringens disease
food poisoning in humans
gas gangrene in animals
C. perfringens virulence
alpha-phospholipase (lecithinase)
C. perfringens diagnosis
nagler test (egg yolk agar)
Corynebacterium diphtheriae details
gram positive, clubhead shaped, non motile, fac anaerobe, commensal flora unless lysogenic strain
Corynebacterium diphtheriae transmission
respiratory droplets in the air
Corynebacterium diphtheriae vaccine / testing
DTaP or DTwP
Schick Test for immunity
erythromycin
Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolation
Loeffler’s Agar Slant
Media rich in cysteine tellurite
trinsdale agar
Corynebacterium diphtheriae diagnosis
ELEK test
B. pertussis stages
catarrhal
paroxysmal
convalescent
B. pertussis details
gram negative
strict aerobe
small
B. pertussis incubation
Bordet-Gengou (potato, peptic digest, glycerol, sheep blood, NaCl)
– fastidious (inhibited by waste products and fatty acids)
B. pertussis disease
pneumonia, epistaxis, otitis media
