BMS 336 - Vitamin and Minerals Flashcards
- “Night Blindness” or nyctalopia
- stunted bones
- malformed bones
- malformed fetus
- poor reproduction
- caged birds: white plaques around nares, eyes, “Bumble Foot”
- turtles: swollen eyelids
- cattle: blind newborn calf
Vitamin A Deficiency
- cats: too much liver in diet
- cattle: “Hyena disease”
- winter hay diet leads to deficiency
Vitamin A Toxicity
- “Star gazing” or Opisthotonus
- poor nerve function or polioencephalomalacia
- cardiomegaly
- “Beriberi” in humans
- Bracken fern poison in horses
- cat, mink, fox, marine mammals: Chastek paralysis (raw fish)
- acidosis in cattle fed a high grain diet
Thiamine (B1) Deficiency
- dermatitis with alopecia
- impotence
- ophthalmic problems
- chickens: lesions in nerves –> “curled toe paralysis”
- horses: “Moon Blindness” or equine uveitis, photophobia
Riboflavin (B2) Deficiency
- poor growth
- dry, rough skin
- diarrhea
- “Black Tongue” or Pellagra
- cattle: fatty liver and ketosis
Niacin (B3) Deficiency
- neurotransmitter synthesis impaired
- chickens: poor survival of chicks, poor skin
- pigs: “Goose Stepping”
Pantothenic Acid (B5) Deficiency
- anemia
- ataxia (RARE)
- chickens: hens have infertile eggs
Pyridoxine (B6) Deficiency
- poor hair and skin
- cats, mink, fox: anorexia, scaly dermatitis around mouth and eyes
- cattle/horses: poor hoof growth/hardness (high grain diet)
Biotin (B7, Vitamin H) Deficiency
- macrocytic (unusually large RBCs) hypochromic anemia
- chickens: poor synthesis and use of coccidiostats –> poor feathering, “slipped tendon” or perosis, extended neck and staring at the ground
Folic Acid (B9) Deficiency
- low energy
- smaller in size
- anemia
- reduced fertility
- coprophagy
- sheep: gluconeogenesis and growth problems
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
- fatty liver
- kidney degeneration
- pigs: small litter size
Choline Deficiency
- enlarged and painful joints
- internal hemorrhages
- man, primates, guinea pigs, birds, fish, bats: scurvy, weak back legs, dental problems, lesions
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Deficiency
- rickets
- multiple sclerosis
- poor immunity
- influenza susceptibility
- horses and rabbits have no requirement
- new world monkeys, avians, reptiles and many fish require a different form of this vitamin
Vitamin D (D3 - Cholecalciferol) Deficiency
- reproductive failure
- neurological dysfunction
- immune suppression
cats, mink, ferrets, foals, pigs: “Yellow Fat Disease” or steatosis (steatites)
Vitamin E (Tocopherols) Deficiency
- muscle weakness
- heart arrhythmia
Potassium Deficiency
- pica
- cows: no milk production
Sodium Deficiency
- prothrombin reduced
- cattle, sheep, horses: “Sweet clover poisoning”
- cats: too much fish
- high clover hays lead to deficiency
Vitamin K Deficiency
- lethargy
- poor performance
- diarrhea resulting in hypovolemia = deficiency
Chlorine Deficiency
- rickets
- osteoporosis
- “Rubber Jaw” or osteodystrophy
- Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (NSHP)
- horse: “Big head”, NSHP, high grain diet could lead to this deficiency
- Iguanas, turtles: NSHP
- hens: “Caged Layer Fatigue”
- “Milk Fever” or lactation eclampsia
Calcium Deficiency
- soft tissue calcification
- weight loss
- kidney failure
- dogs: ingesting rodenticides
- cattle, sheep, horses: “Wasting Disease”
Vitamin D (D3 - Cholecalciferol) Toxcitiy
- weak heart contractions and arrhythmia
- renal failure
- horses: “Equine Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis” in Quarter horses
Potassium Toxicity
- high blood pressure
- animal which has no/little access to water (“toxicity”), then it is exposed to water –> animal’s body takes up too much water –> brain swells
Sodium Toxicity
- uroliths
- muscle weakness
- interference with Zinc absorption –> scaly skin and poor immunity
Calcium Toxicity
- rickets
- osteomalacia
- osteoporosis
- “Rubber Jaw” or osteodystrophy
- Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (NSHP)
- cattle: “Hypophosphatemic Downer”
Phosphorus Deficiency
- cattle: tetany from grazing on spring grasses
Magnesium Deficiency
- reduced teste growth
- skin perakeratosis
- poor hoof condition
- thymic atrophy
- malamutes and cattle: absorption problem
Zinc Deficiency
- can block Copper absorption
- oxidative damage
- consumption of pennies/metal
Zinc Toxicity
- anemia
- slow growth
- young animals on a milk diet only
- young pigs: anemia
Iron Deficiency
- interferes with absorption of copper and zinc
- creates oxidative stress
- diarrhea
- weight gain
Iron Toxicity
- unthrifty performance
- fragile bones
- torn ligaments
- lambs: “Sway Back”
- anemia from iron
- immune system dysfunction
- cattle: lack of hair color (reddish)
- clay soil = deficiency
Copper Deficiency
- stress
- hemolysis of red blood cells
- blood sludging
- organ failure
- antibacterial activity
- ruminants, sheep, Jersey cow, Bedlington Terrier affected
Copper Toxicity
- poor growth
- skeletal abnormalities
- poor reproduction
Manganese Deficiency
- infertility
- poor growth
- chickens: exudative diathesis (edema), pancreatic fibrosis, atrophy of pancreas
- pigs: “Mulberry Heart Disease”
- lambs: “White Muscle Disease”
- dairy cow: retained placenta
Selenium Deficiency
- hepatic and renal damage
- hemorrhagic exudate in the lungs
- ascites is common
- “Blind Staggers”
- horses and cattle: lameness and loss of hair and hoof malformations
- hyperthyroidism in cats?
Selenium Toxicity
- “Goiters”
- newborn/fetal death
Iodine Deficiency
- “Hyperthyroid Storm”
- ruminants: iodinated casein
- cats: hyperthyroid
- goats: “Milk Goiter” is normal
Iodine Toxicity
- anemia secondary to folate deficiency
- gluconeogenesis and growth problems
- ruminants have low B12
- coprophagy
Insufficient dietary cobalt
- hyperglycemia
Chromium Deficiency
- weakened bones/teeth
- brown, eroded teeth
- aluminum smelting creates toxicity (i.e. cows downwind of aluminum plant)
Fluoride Toxicity
- develop copper deficiency from high amounts of this compound
- cow and sheep: diarrhea and loss of hair pigmentation around the eyes
- peat moss can lead to toxicity
Molybdenum Toxicity
- impairs neurological function resulting in blindness and irritability
- intestinal pain
- colic
- abortion
- anemia
Lead Toxicity
A farmer thinks it’s a good idea to add phytase to the diet of his beloved sheep so that they can “get the most” from their diet and grazing. Over time, more of his sheep are dying and asks you to investigate. What would you most likely see in a post-mortem?
A. Displaced abomasum
B. Severe hemorrhaging
C. Extremely pale muscles
D. “Gun metal blue” kidneys
D. “Gun metal blue” kidneys (Copper toxicity)
