BMS 321:MED MICRO TEST #2 Flashcards
Which of the following is a diagnostic of Mycoplasma pneumonia?
A. CXR that shows severe infiltration
B. Gram stain
C. MRI
D. All of the above are true
E. None of the above are true
gram stain
Which of the following bacteria cause hospital acquired pneumonia?
A. Haemophilus influenza
B. Streptococcus pneumoniae
C. Hepatitis C
D. All of the above are true
E. None of the above are true
none of the above
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE regarding Haemophilus influenzae?
A. Routine vaccination of children with the vaccine for the type B strain of this organism
(HIB vaccine) has helped prevent infections caused by this pathogen.
B. This organism is able to cause meningitis, pneumonia, and ear infections.
C. This organism produces a protease that is able to destroy one type of IgA.
D. All of the above are true
E. None of the above are true
All of the above
Which of the following virulence factors do microbes possess in order to survive the host
defenses of the pulmonary system?
A. Capsules
B. Toxins
C. Facultative intracellular parasitism
D. All of the above are true
E. None of the above are true
all of the aboven
Which of the following organisms is a fungus that is commonly found in the environment
and soil of the Southeastern US?
A. Pneumocystis jiroveci
B. Legionella pneumophila
C. Histoplasma capsulatum
D. Cornebacterium dyptheriae
E. Blastomyces dermitidis
histoplasma capsulatum
Which of the following microbes is responsible for the re-emerging pulmonary infection?
A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
B. Candida albicans
C. Actinomyces spp.
D. Mycoplasma pneumonia
E. None of the above
mycobacterium tuberculosis
Which of the following is NOT true regarding ear infections
A. The presence of fluid in the air can provide an ideal environment for the
development of a bacterial ear infection
B. Gram (-) rods (like Pseudomonas aeruginosa) are the typical causes of Otitis
Externa
C. A middle ear infection always results in some degree of hearing loss
D. All of the above are true
E. None of the above are true
Gram (-) rods (like Pseudomonas aeruginosa) are the typical causes of Otitis Externa
Which are the following are symptoms of Keratitis?
A. Inflammation of the conjunctiva
B. Vision impairment and photophobia
C. Itching
D. All of the above are true
E. None of the above are true
Vision impairment and photophobia
Which of the following microbes can cause infections of the maxillary sinuses?
A. Acanthamoeba
B. Hepatitis A
C. Streptococcus spp.
D. Norovirus
E. Staphyloccoccus aureus
Staphyloccoccus aureus
Which of the following can cause Keratitis?
A. Bacteria
B. Viruses
C. Fungi
D. Protozoans
E. All of the above are true
all of the above are true
What is one of the diagnostics for Haemophilus influenzae that caused epiglotitis?
A. Skin biopsy
B. Serology/immunofluorescent slide test
C. Culture on Chocolate agar
D. Blood test
E. None of the above
Culture on Chocolate agar
Which of the following is TRUE regarding a sinus infection?
A. Can lead to inflammation
B. Can lead to increased pressure in the air space openings
C. Can cause rare complications such as meningitis and thrombosis
D. A and B only
E. All of the above are true
all of the above are true
Which of the following is the vector for the nemotade Onchocerca volvulus?
A. Black fly
B. Reduyiid bug
C. Mosquito
D. Bats
E. None of the above
black fly
Which of the following is the intermediate host of the nematode Wuchereria bancrofti?
A. Black fly
B. Reduviid bug
C. Mosquito
D. Bats
E. None of the above are true
mosquito
Which of the following is/are risk factor(s) associated with myocarditis?
A. Forced exercise
B. Pregnancy
C. Alcohol consumption
D. Nutritional deficiencies
E. All of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is NOT one of the symptoms of pericarditis?
A. Chest pain/discomfort
B. Burst of energy
C. Low grade fever/dry cough
D. Upper body discomfort
E. All of the above are symptoms of pericarditis
burst of energy
Which of the following statements is true regarding myocarditis?
A. Bacterial pathogens are the most common cause of myocarditis.
B. This type of infection is often asymptomatic and can go undetected in many
individuals.
C. Myocarditis is more common in young females, immune-compromised patients,
and individuals with a history of alcohol abuse.
D. The symptoms of myocarditis usually include stabbing chest pain.
E. Myocarditis is an infection involving the sack that surrounds the heart.
Myocarditis is more common in young females, immune-compromised patients,
and individuals with a history of alcohol abuse.
Which of the following is NOT true regarding endocarditis?
A. Endocarditis is a rare but potentially fatal inflammation of the inner lining of the
hear, most notably the heart valves
B. It is typically a bacterial infection
C. The pathogen travels to the heart via the bloodstream
D. One of the common virulence factors is adhesion, which allows the bacteria to
create a biofilm.
E. All of the above are true
all of the above are true
Which of the following is a single stranded RNA virus that is transmitted between
individuals primarily by blood and blood products?
A. Hepatitis C virus
B. West Nile Virus
C. Rotavirus
D. All of the above are true
E. None of the above are true
Hepatitis C virus
Which of the following group of viruses is associated with viral diarrhea?
A. Parvovirus B19
B. Hepatitis B
C. Norovirus
D. West Nile Virus
E. Picornaviruses
norovirus
Which of the following are associated with gastrointestional ulcers?
A. Microspridia
B. Klebsiella pneumonia
C. Helicobacter pylori
D. All of the above are true
E. None of the above are true
none of the above are true
Which of the following Hepatitis viruses is not a ssRNA viruses?
A. HAV
B. HBV
C. HCV
D. HEV
E. None of the above are true
HBV
Which of the following statements is true regarding gastrointestinal tract infections?
A. Food-borne illness is a term that is associated with the consumption of only the
toxins produced by the microbe rather than an infection by a particular microbe.
B. EHEC is the type of E.coli infection that will most likely occur in the US
C. Diarrhea is the most common manifestation of a GI tract infection
D. B and C only
E. All of the above are true
B and C only
Which of the following is/are the diagnostic(s) for Giardia lamblia?
A. ELISA
B. Gram stain
C. Stool test
D. A and C only
E. All of the above
A and C only
T/F The lower respiratory tract is usually sterile, but particles smaller than 2µm can avoid
the URT defenses and invade.
true
T/F the primary mechanism of transmission in pulmonary infections is aerosolized
droplets carrying infectious agents.
true
T/F Paratitis, a disease which caused by Candida albicans, is an example of self-limiting
URT infection
false
T/F Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes a disease known as Whooping Cough because
of the sound made when a patient coughs.
false
T/F Mycobacterium tuberculosis was once a huge problem, but has now been eradicated.
false
T/F Mycoplasma pneumonia is a pleiomorphic bacterium that causes atypical pneumonia
true
T/F The upper respiratory tract is composed of the nose, sinuses, throat, and respiratory
airways.
true
T/F Conjunctivitis is only caused by parasites
false
T/F IgA and IgG in tears are two antibodies that aid in protecting the conjunctiva from
microbial infections
true
T/F Otitis media often follows a LRT viral infection and is often caused by opportunistic
normal flora.
false
T/F Viruses are the most common causes of pharyngitis.
true
T/F Acanthamoeba is a rhizopod protozoan that can cause Keratitis
true
T/F Inner ear infection, commonly called “swimmers ear” results in swelling, redness,
and pain due to trapped water.
false
T/F Wuchereria bancrofti and Trypanosoma cruzi are both nematode worms that can
cause myocarditis.
false
T/F Wuchereria bancrofti and Trypanosoma cruzi are both nematode worms that can
cause myocarditis.
false
T/F Endocarditis is typically caused by bacteria infection the heart valves
true
T/F Parvovirus B19 can be the cause of myocarditis and Fifth’s disease
true
T/F Viral infections are the most common cause of pericarditis
true
T/F S. aureus is one of the common causes of intravascular catheter-related infections
true
T/F An echocardiogram provides immediate information in diagnosing pericarditis.
false
T/F The most common cause of gastrointestinal infections is through bodily fluid
transmission.
false
T/F Three of the most common causes of diarrhea are Salmonella, Shigella, and
Camplyobacter
true
T/F Norovirus is famous for causing diarrhea outbreaks in closed environments, such as
cruise ships.
true
T/F Pancreatic abscesses are never polymicrobial
false
T/F Cholecystitis is the inflammation of the bile duct.
false
T/F E. Coli can cause hepatic abscesses.
true
.__E__ These cause an inflammatory colitis indistinguishable from Shigella. Must ingest
in large quantities and outbreaks are rare.
Enteroaggregative (EaggEC) strains
.__A_ These colonize the small bowel and produce a toxin that secretes chloride, causing
water diarrhea
Enterotoxigenic (ETEC) strains
.__C__. These primary affect children under the age of 3. They induce the polymerization
of actin filaments, producing a pedestal and causing mild inflammation and watery diarrhea.
Enteropathogenic (EPEC) strains
.__B__ This is one of the important causes of traveler’s diarrhea. Diarrhea is often
prolonged and is caused by bacteria adhering in large aggregates to the human colonic
mucosa.
Enteroaggregative (EaggEC) strains
5.__D___ These produce Shiga-like cytotoxins that inhibit protein synthesis and cause cell
death. O157:H7 is an example of this type of strain. Cattle appear to be the primary reservoir.
Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) strains
.D This strain can only replicated in the presence of the Hepatitis B virus.
HDV (Hepatitis D virus)
.C A member of the Flavivirus family, this is transmitted through person to person
(usually STDs). 50% of patients will go into a chronic form of this virus. 20% will
develop liver cirrhosis.
HCV (Hepatitis C virus)
E This is related to the Clacivirus family. It has a 4 week incubation and is
transmitted through the fecal-oral route. It is often associated in India, Nepal, Southeast
Asia, Africa, China, and Mexico.
HEVD (Hepatitis E virus)
A This is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and is highly infectious. It is selflimiting and never becomes chronic. It is a possible member of the Picornavirus family.
HAV (Hepatitis A virus)
. B This is spread primarily through blood and blood products. It is part of the
Hepadnavirus family. It is controlled by vaccinations.
HBV (Hepatitis B virus)
__B__ eye pain; the feeling of having a foreign body in the eye; impaired vision
keratitis
__D__ acute onset watery diarrhea with nausea and vomiting
gastroenteritis
.__A__ substernal chest pain upon leaning back or laying down
pericarditis
_E__ ear pain which may be associated with bulging of the tympanic membrane or
hearing loss
otitis media
C__ Sore throat that may be accompanied by fever/absence of cough and it is
typically self-limiting.
Tonsillitis
__A__ This protozoan associated with chronic diarrhea can also cause liver
abscesses.
Entamoeba histolytica
.__B___ This is dimorphic fungus that can cause oral thrush, diaper rash, and
opportunistic pulmonary infections.
Candida albicans
.__C__ A rhizopod protozoan associated with keratitis caused by washing contact
lenses with tap water.
Acanthamoeba
_D__ This is a ssDNA virus that requires and adeno helper virus. It is a cause of
myocarditis.
Parvovirus B19
E_ This bacterium is often associated with shell-fish food poisoning
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
_A_The most common manifestation of a GI tract infection. Can lead to death as a
result of dehydration.
Diarrhea
B__ Heart attack like symptoms. Standing up will relieve some of the symptoms
Pericarditis
C___ Inflammation and itching of the eye. Very painful and often with pus formation and discharge.
Conjunctivitis
D_ ear infection which can be life-threatening in diabetic or IC patients
ottis externa
__E__ear pain which may be associated with bulging of the tympanic membrane or
hearing loss
ottis media
John Snow is famous for:
A. A series of 4 postulates that confirm the cause of a disease
B. Being Lord Commander of the Night’s Watch
C. Being “the father of microbiology”
D. Identifying contaminated water as the cause of a London cholera outbreak
E. Developing the microscope
Identifying contaminated water as the cause of a London cholera outbreak
(infectious diarrhea) acute is
bacterial and viral
(infectious diarrhea) chronic is
ulcers and hepatitis
the digestive system includes ?
- digestive tract: esophagus, stomach & intestines
- accessory organs of digestion: liver, gallbladder & pancreas
- it can exceed 5m in length
- Food is broken down by stomach proteases & HCl (pH=2) and transits the upper GI tract in 3-5 hrs.
where does digestion occur
in the duodenum region of the small intestines via enzymes/bile from the pancreas and gallbladder, respectively.
where does absorption occur
in the jejunum region of the small intestines, and water is recovered in the colon.
primary way of transmission of GI infections
fecal-oral route
Food-poisoning/Intoxication
due to consumption of preformed microbial toxins within food (e.g., home-canned foods).
symptoms of Food-poisoning/Intoxication
- rapid onset 6-12 h
- severe nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea etc.
- BUT NO FEVER
examples of Food-poisoning/Intoxication
- botulinum toxin [Clostridium botulinum]: flaccid paralysis & respiratory arrest
- enterotoxin [Staphylococcus aureus]: vomiting w/o diarrhea
Food-associated Infections
due to consumption of microbe-contaminated food or water.
symptoms of Food-associated Infections
- slower onset +1 days
- mild to moderate pain
- Bacterial and viral sources: acute infection (< 14 days persistence)
- Parasitic sources: chronic infection (> 30 days).
Infection
the microbial agent is ingested, colonizes the gut, and then produces toxins that damage host cells.
Intoxication
bacteria produce toxins in the food before it is ingested.
Gastroenteritis
a gastrointestinal syndrome characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain.
diarrhea with blood & pus
- invasive/mucosa necrosis
diarrhea Without blood & pus
- enterotoxin-mediated
Dysentery
an inflammatory disorder of the GI tract, often associated w/ blood or pus in feces, and accompanied by fever, cramps & pain (lg intestine).
Infectious Diarrhea (acute)
Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter
Escherichia coli
Best studied microbe, normal flora.
Vibrio cholerae & V. parahaemolyticus
- Often associated with poor sanitation, especially following natural disasters.
- Cholera causes death by dehydration. Lose up to 15L/day!
- Physical findings such as diminished pulses, sunken eyes, and poor skin turgor will develop with severe dehydration.
Cholera pathogenesis
Virus (from Ltn: “poisonous”): A non-living infectious particle that can only replicate within living cells [i.e., obligate intracellular parasites].
How is the respiratory tract organized?
- The respiratory tract is often divided into two major sectors, the upper respiratory tract [URT] and the lower respiratory tract [LRT]. The URT includes the nose, sinuses, throat and respiratory airways (= epiglottis, trachea and bronchi); this sector includes normal flora
