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BMS 108 Physiology > BMS 108 Ch. 20 Reproductive System > Flashcards

BMS 108 Ch. 20 Reproductive System Flashcards

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0
Q

How many chromosomes does each gamete have? What is a cell with 46 chromosomes called? 23?

A

23; diploid; haploid

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1
Q

What is a gamete?

A

a sex cell formed in the gonads by meiosis

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2
Q

What is a zygote?

A

a 46 chromosome cell resulting from fusion of sperm and egg during fertilization

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3
Q

Each zygote inherits 23 chromosomes from mother and 23 from father. Producing 23 pairs of ___________ chromosomes. 22 of these are ___________ chromosomes and the 23rd pair are __________ chromosomes.

A

homologous; autosomal; sex

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4
Q

What are the sex chromosomes of a female? male?

A

XX; XY

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5
Q

How is chromosomal gender of the zygote determined?

A

All ova contain X chromosomes, some sperm contain X chromosomes and others contain Y chromosomes. Which type of sperm fertilizes the egg determines the sex of the zygote.

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6
Q

What chromosome induces the formation of testes?

A

Y chromosome

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7
Q

What induces the formation of male sex organs?

A

testosterone from the testes

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8
Q

Gametes are produced by what process?

A

Meiosis

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9
Q

There are two phases of meiosis, meiosis I and meiosis II. Where does the reduction in genetic material occur?

A

meiosis I

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10
Q

What are the four phases of meiosis I? Meiosis II?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase; same as meiosis I

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11
Q

Describe the general interactions between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and gonads in the production of gametes.

A
  • Hypothalamus releases GnRH to anterior pituitary
  • Anterior pituitary releases LH and FSH which stimulates the production of sperm and eggs and gonadal sex steroids; also maintains the size of gonads
  • sex steroids provide negative feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
  • gonads also secrete the hormone inhibin, which negatively feeds back on FSH secretion
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12
Q

What causes puberty?

A
  • FSH and LH secretion is high for first 6 mos. of life, but fall to very low levels until puberty
  • At puberty hypothalamus increases GnRH secretion&raquo_space;> increases FSH and LH secretion
  • Stimulates sex steroid secretion&raquo_space;> drives changes in secondary sex characteristics and menarche (first menstrual flow)
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13
Q

What determines age of puberty in girls?

A

% body fat and activity level. Girls with low body fat and high activity levels enter puberty at an older age

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14
Q

What is an ovarian follicle?

A

an oocyte + surrounding follicle cells

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15
Q

What do follicle cells secrete?

A

estrogen

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16
Q

Describe the production of oocytes.

A
  • At 5 month gestation, ovaries contain 6-7 million oogonia
  • Toward the end of gestation, oogonia become primary ooctyes and begin meiosis I, but arrest in prophase (2n)
  • There is continual loss of primary oocytes throughout life (2 million left at birth, 400,000 left at puberty)
  • 400 oocytes are ovulated during reproductive years, the rest undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
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17
Q

Describe the process of follicular development.

A
  • Primary follicle contains a primary ooctye & a layer of follicle cells
  • In response to FSH, some follicles enter the ovarian cycle and grow
  • Some primary follicles continue to develop and become secondary follicles (same as primary follicle but has more follicle cells and antrum)
  • Graafian (mature) follicle contains a secondary ooctye (n) and is ready for ovulation
18
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

a month long cycle of ovarian activity characterized by shedding of endometrial lining of the uterus and bleeding (menstruation)

19
Q

What is the follicular phase?

A
  • Lasts from day 1 to about 13
  • Dominated by growth of primary follicles into secondary follicles & production of estradiol
  • One survivor becomes a graafian follicle, reaching peak at about day 12
20
Q

What is follicular growth and estrogen secretion dependent on?

A

FSH from the Anterior Pituitary

21
Q

What kind of receptors does FSH and estrogen recruit in graafian follicles?

A

LH

22
Q

Describe how the events in the follicular phase cause ovulation.

A
  • Rapidly rising estrogen secretion causes the hypothalamus to increase pulses of GnRH, resulting in greater LH secretion
  • A positive feedback between estrogen and anterior pituitary develops, resulting in a LH surge that causes ovulation
23
Q

What is the phase that follows the follicular phase?

A

the luteal phase

24
Q

Describe the luteal phase.

A
  • After ovulation, LH causes the empty follicle to become the corpus luteum, secreting estrogen, progesterone & inhibin
  • This exerts negative feedback on LH and FSH (inhibin inhibits FSH only)
  • High estrogen and progesterone also triggers uterine lining buildup
  • If no fertilization occurs, corpus luteum regresses, causing estrogen and progesterone levels to drop
  • Causing menstruation and allowing a new cycle of follicle development
25
Q

In addition to the hormonal phases, there are also 3 cocurrent endometrial phases during the mentrual cycle. What are the 3 endometrial phases?

A
  1. Menstrual
  2. Proliferation
  3. Secretory
26
Q

The male reproductive system makes _____ and secretes ______.

A

sperm; androgens

27
Q

Where is sperm made?

A

seminiferous tubules

28
Q

What FSH receptive cells initial spermatogenesis?

A

Sertoli cells

29
Q

What are the cells that secrete testosterone called? Where are they located?

A

Leydig cells; in the interstitial tissue in the seminiferous tubules

30
Q

In the male reproductive system, what inhibits GnRH? LH? FSH?

A

Testosterone; Testosterone; Inhibin

31
Q

Describe hormonal control of the male reproductive system.

A
  • Hypothalamus secrets GnRH&raquo_space;> Ant. Pit.&raquo_space;> FSH & LH
  • FSH stimulates Sertoli cells, starting spermatogenesis and secreting inhibin
  • Inhibin causes negative feedback on FSH
  • LH stimulates Leydig cells, causing testosterone to be released
  • Testosterone inhibits LH in the Ant. Pit.
32
Q

What are the Sertoli cells functions?

A
  1. Blood testes barrier
  2. Nurture developing spermatozoa
  3. Respond to FSH (ant. pit.) & Testosterone (Leydig) which stimulates spermiogenesis
  4. Secrete Inhibin (negative feedback on FSH production)
33
Q

Describe the process of making sperm.

A
  • Spermatogonia (stem cells) replicate via mitosis
  • Spermatogonia that will continue to develop is a primary spermatocyte
  • Primary spermatocyte undergoes meosis I and become a haploid secondary spermatocyte
  • Secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis II to make spermatids
  • Spermatids undergo spermiogenesis to become sperm

All this takes place in the seminiferous tubules and involves sertoli (nurse) cells

34
Q

Why does spermatogenesis start with mitosis?

A

to keep our starter cells

35
Q

What does a spermatid develop during spermiogenesis?

A

a flagellum and acrosome cap

36
Q

What is an acrosome cap?

A

A cap of digestive enzymes for burrowing into an oocyte

37
Q

What are the functions of the male accessory sex organs?

A

sperm motility, seminal fluid secretion, and ejaculation

38
Q

Why aren’t spermatozoa motile when entering the epididymus?

A

due to low pH

39
Q

What do the seminal vesicles add to the seminal fluid?

A

fructose (nutrients)

40
Q

What does the prostate add to the seminal fluid?

A

neutralizes pH, adds citric acid (nutrients) and coagulation proteins

41
Q

What do the bulbourethral gland add to the seminal fluid?

A

lubrication for the urethra and neutralizes pH

42
Q

What part of the ANS controls erection? ejaculation?

A

parasympathetic; sympathetic

BMS 108 Physiology (7 decks)

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