BMEN EXAM 1 Flashcards
What is a Biomedical Engineer
A biomedical engineer applies electrical, chemical, optical, mechanical, and other engineering principles to understand, modify, or control biological systems with the goal of overall enhancement of health care.
Ethics
The study of right and wrong, of good and evil in human conduct
Two schools of ethical theory
Consequentialism and Non-consequentialism
Consequentialism
Actions are good or bad depending on the outcome
EX: Accidentally robbing a criminal, bad intent but positive cosequence
Non-consequentialism
Ethics do not depend on the outcome
Robbing someone is wrong no matter what
Storage Lipids
Serve as long term energy reserve; fats and oils are storage lipids
Membrane lipids
Membrane lipids are thin, semi-permeable barriers that surround cells and cellular organelles. Membrane lipids play crucial roles in maintaining the structural integrity and functionality of membranes, as well as in regulating various cellular processes. Phospholipids and sterols.
Shape and Size of Nanoparticles
1: High surface to volume ratio (ease of drug storage)
2: Diffuse well through body
How do nanoparticles factor into vaccines?
The use of endosomal escape
1) Internalization into endosome: therapeutic molecules along with carrier systm are internalized into cells via endocytosis.
2) Maturation of endosomes: vesicles pass through early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes in which the pH is decreasing causing acidification of endosomal lumen
3) Escape from Late Endosomes: molecules escape from the late endosomes before they fuse with lysosome.
4) pH-triggered membrane destabilization; protein domains have pH responsive properties that enable them to undergo conformational change, causing the integrity of the cell to changes
5) membrane fusion;promotes fusion of endosomal and carrier membranes and allowing the release of cargo into cytoplasm
6) Osmotic swelling:
7) Cytoplasmic release
endocytosis
cellular process by which cells engulf extracellular materials by forming vesicles derived from the plasma membrane
What cells in the body do not have the same genetic material
germline cells
Transcription
converts DNA into mRNA
Translation
decodes mRNA into amino acids, forming proteins essential for life
How does CRISPR/CAS 9 work
1)Single guide RNA helps CRSIPR/CAS 9 system locate and bind to target DNA
2) TracrRNA Trans activating RNA scaffold for CAS9 binding
3) CRISPR RNA: RNA sequence complementary to the target DNA sequence
4) PAM protospacer adjacement motif: secondary identifier downstream of the target DNA sequence
Gene Replacement Therapy
replace mutated gene with a healthy gene
Gene addition
infectious disease; introduces a new gene to help fight a disease, often to supplement a targeted therapeutic agent
Gene inhibition of knockdown
Inactivating mutated gene that is overproducing its produce by targeting RNA
Gene editing
make a targeted change to the gene sequence
Classes of amino acids
nonpolar
polar
basic positively charged
acidic negatively charged
Six functions of proteins
Defense antibodies
Transport (calcium pump)
Communication (insulin receptor)
Structure (collagen)
Storage (ferritin)
Enzymes (amylase)
What is protein engineering
modifying protein structure using recombinant DNA technology or chemical treatment to achieve a desirable function. Optimizing protein properties
Site-directed mutagenesis
introduces mutation at specific location in the gene
Random mutagenesis
introduces random mutations at a specified position or throughout the gene of interest
Why can’t cells other than stem cells differentiate into various tissues
-Gene expression is highly
regulated after cell
differentiation
- May be possible to
dedifferentiate mature
cells back into a
progenitor state
