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BMAT > Bmat Biology > Flashcards

Bmat Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Process of cell division in eukaryotic cells that result to growth

A

Mitosis

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2
Q

What happens when a cells divides by mitosis

A

Nucleus breaks down
Dna from nucleus is split into two new identical nuclei
The cell then splits into two new daughter cells

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3
Q

Cytokinesis

A

When the cell splits into two new daughter cells

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4
Q

Interphase

A

Period of preparation for cell division

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5
Q

What happens during interphase

A

Cell grows
Chromosomes in the nucleus are replicated
Cell respires to provide energy for mitosis

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6
Q

How does mitosis aid in asexual reproduction

A

Asexual reproduction uses mitosis to create identical copes of the parent cell, and therefore of the parent organism

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7
Q

Eukaryotic organisms reproduce by which form of cell division

A

Meiosis

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8
Q

Diploid

A

Plants and animals whose zygotes contain two full sets of chromosomes

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9
Q

How many chromosomes does each gamete contain

A

23

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10
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does a zygote contain

A

23 pairs and therefore 46 individual chromosomes

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11
Q

Gametes are produced by…

A

Meiosis

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12
Q

Mature gametes(sex cells) with only one set of chromosome

A

Haploid

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13
Q

What happens when the water content in the blood is low

A

More adh is released
More water reabsorbed by the kidneys

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14
Q

Heterozygous

A

When an organism has different alleles(versions) of a gene

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15
Q

Homozygous

A

When an organism has two identical alleles(versions) of the same gene

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16
Q

Asexual reproduction occurs by what process

A

Binary fission

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17
Q

Binary fission

A

It is basically the separation of a cell into two new cells, by mitosis in asexual reproduction

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18
Q

Which between y and X chromosomes have more genes

A

The X chromosomes

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19
Q

What are the sex chromosomes of
A. Males
B. Females

A

XY
XX

20
Q

What diagrams can be used to show the probability that a child will be male or female

A

Punnett square diagrams

21
Q

Which type of human cells have no nucleus and so no chromosomes

A

Mature red blood cells

22
Q

Genotype

A

Alleles we have that control a characteristic

23
Q

How many alleles do we have per gene and why

A

Two alleles per gene
One is inherited from each parent

24
Q

Phenotype

A

They are the visible characteristics of an organism

25
Q

The dns stores information as a code called

A

The genetic code

26
Q

Are fat and protein molecules suspended or dissolved in the cytoplasm
Which two substances are dissolved in the cytoplasm

A

Suspended

Salt ions and sugar molecules

27
Q

Do mature red blood cells have mitochondria

A

No

28
Q

How many alleles do we have for each gene

A

Two alleles , one inherited from the mum and the other from the dad

29
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Involves taking a copy of a gene from one organism and inserting that gene into the DNA of another organism to create a genetically modified organism

30
Q

Genetically modified organisms are also known as

A

Transgenic organisms

31
Q

Process of genetic engineering of bacteria cells

A

1.A useful gene is cut from the DNA of an organism using the restriction enzyme

2.Restriction enzyme cuts the DNA in a staggered way leaving short sections of single stranded dna at each end of the gene. These are called sticky ends

  1. The bacterial plasmid is cut open using the same restriction enzyme
  2. Useful gene and plasmid are mixed and the gene is inserted into the plasmid.
  3. The enzyme DNA ligase joins the useful gene and the plasmid together.
    The plasmid is now called a recombinant plasmid.
  4. Recombinant plasmid is then inserted into a bacterial cell. The Plasmid acts as a vector, carrying the gene into the bacterial cell
  5. The bacterial cells now becomes a GMO
32
Q

Why do we use the same restrictiction enzyme to cut both the plasmid and the useful gene

A

So that the sticky ends on the plasmid will have short sequences of bases that are complementary to those on the ends of the useful gene

33
Q

Adult stem cells are multipotent , what does this mean

A

They can differentiate into a small number of different cell types

34
Q

Is embryonic stem cells pluripotent or totipotent

A

Pluripotent

35
Q

Source of totipotent stem cells

A

The zygote

36
Q

Describe the process of selective breeding

A

Animals with a desirable characteristics are selected for breeding
These animals are bred together
The animals with the most desirable characteristics are selected from the offspring
The selected offspring are bred together
The cycle is repeated over many generations
Over time the desirable characteristics starts to increase in the population

37
Q

Disadvantages of selective breeding

A

It reduces genetic variation with a population of animals
Reduced ability to adapt to change in environment
Ethical concerns about the effects of selective breeding on animals

38
Q

Inbreeding

A

Breeding closely related animals over many generations

39
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur in
eukaryotic organisms
Prokaryotes

A

Inside the mitochondria

In the cytoplasm

40
Q

Word equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose+ Oxygen-> carbon dioxide + water+ energy(in the form of atp)

41
Q

Which type of respiration produces less energy

A

Anaerobic respiration

42
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose-> lactic acid + energy(atp)

43
Q

Which type of respiration is used during exercise

A

Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration depending on the intensity of the exercise

44
Q

The oxygen debt and it’s use

A

Extra oxygen taken in during rapid breathing after exercise.
It’s used to oxidise toxic lactic acid , removing it from the body

45
Q

which part of a neurone connects it to other neurones

A

Dendrites

46
Q

do relay neurones have a myelin sheath

A

no they do not

47
Q

Is gamete production the only source of genetic variation?

A

No

BMAT (4 decks)

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