Bmat Biology Flashcards
Process of cell division in eukaryotic cells that result to growth
Mitosis
What happens when a cells divides by mitosis
Nucleus breaks down
Dna from nucleus is split into two new identical nuclei
The cell then splits into two new daughter cells
Cytokinesis
When the cell splits into two new daughter cells
Interphase
Period of preparation for cell division
What happens during interphase
Cell grows
Chromosomes in the nucleus are replicated
Cell respires to provide energy for mitosis
How does mitosis aid in asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction uses mitosis to create identical copes of the parent cell, and therefore of the parent organism
Eukaryotic organisms reproduce by which form of cell division
Meiosis
Diploid
Plants and animals whose zygotes contain two full sets of chromosomes
How many chromosomes does each gamete contain
23
How many pairs of chromosomes does a zygote contain
23 pairs and therefore 46 individual chromosomes
Gametes are produced by…
Meiosis
Mature gametes(sex cells) with only one set of chromosome
Haploid
What happens when the water content in the blood is low
More adh is released
More water reabsorbed by the kidneys
Heterozygous
When an organism has different alleles(versions) of a gene
Homozygous
When an organism has two identical alleles(versions) of the same gene
Asexual reproduction occurs by what process
Binary fission
Binary fission
It is basically the separation of a cell into two new cells, by mitosis in asexual reproduction
Which between y and X chromosomes have more genes
The X chromosomes
What are the sex chromosomes of
A. Males
B. Females
XY
XX
What diagrams can be used to show the probability that a child will be male or female
Punnett square diagrams
Which type of human cells have no nucleus and so no chromosomes
Mature red blood cells
Genotype
Alleles we have that control a characteristic
How many alleles do we have per gene and why
Two alleles per gene
One is inherited from each parent
Phenotype
They are the visible characteristics of an organism
The dns stores information as a code called
The genetic code
Are fat and protein molecules suspended or dissolved in the cytoplasm
Which two substances are dissolved in the cytoplasm
Suspended
Salt ions and sugar molecules
Do mature red blood cells have mitochondria
No
How many alleles do we have for each gene
Two alleles , one inherited from the mum and the other from the dad
Genetic engineering
Involves taking a copy of a gene from one organism and inserting that gene into the DNA of another organism to create a genetically modified organism
Genetically modified organisms are also known as
Transgenic organisms
Process of genetic engineering of bacteria cells
1.A useful gene is cut from the DNA of an organism using the restriction enzyme
2.Restriction enzyme cuts the DNA in a staggered way leaving short sections of single stranded dna at each end of the gene. These are called sticky ends
- The bacterial plasmid is cut open using the same restriction enzyme
- Useful gene and plasmid are mixed and the gene is inserted into the plasmid.
- The enzyme DNA ligase joins the useful gene and the plasmid together.
The plasmid is now called a recombinant plasmid. - Recombinant plasmid is then inserted into a bacterial cell. The Plasmid acts as a vector, carrying the gene into the bacterial cell
- The bacterial cells now becomes a GMO
Why do we use the same restrictiction enzyme to cut both the plasmid and the useful gene
So that the sticky ends on the plasmid will have short sequences of bases that are complementary to those on the ends of the useful gene
Adult stem cells are multipotent , what does this mean
They can differentiate into a small number of different cell types
Is embryonic stem cells pluripotent or totipotent
Pluripotent
Source of totipotent stem cells
The zygote
Describe the process of selective breeding
Animals with a desirable characteristics are selected for breeding
These animals are bred together
The animals with the most desirable characteristics are selected from the offspring
The selected offspring are bred together
The cycle is repeated over many generations
Over time the desirable characteristics starts to increase in the population
Disadvantages of selective breeding
It reduces genetic variation with a population of animals
Reduced ability to adapt to change in environment
Ethical concerns about the effects of selective breeding on animals
Inbreeding
Breeding closely related animals over many generations
Where does aerobic respiration occur in
eukaryotic organisms
Prokaryotes
Inside the mitochondria
In the cytoplasm
Word equation for aerobic respiration
Glucose+ Oxygen-> carbon dioxide + water+ energy(in the form of atp)
Which type of respiration produces less energy
Anaerobic respiration
Word equation for anaerobic respiration
Glucose-> lactic acid + energy(atp)
Which type of respiration is used during exercise
Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration depending on the intensity of the exercise
The oxygen debt and it’s use
Extra oxygen taken in during rapid breathing after exercise.
It’s used to oxidise toxic lactic acid , removing it from the body
which part of a neurone connects it to other neurones
Dendrites
do relay neurones have a myelin sheath
no they do not
Is gamete production the only source of genetic variation?
No
