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BMA Flashcards

1
Q

Bone Functions

A 
Support
Protection
Storage
Blood Cell Production
Movement
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2
Q

Matrix

A

Ground Substance
Collagen - provides flexibility and tensile
Calcium Phosphate - provides compressive strength

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3
Q

Specialised Cells`

A

Osteoprogenitor - stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
Osteoblasts - bone-building cells that secrete collagen and ground substance
Osteoclasts - bone resorbing cells that break down the matrix and release stored minerals
Osteocytes - mature bone cells that maintains the matrix

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4
Q

Interstitial Growth

A
  1. New cartilage forms at the top of the epiphyseal plate
  2. Bone replaces old cartilage at the bottom of the plate
  3. Diaphysis lengthens
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5
Q

Appositional Growth

A
  1. Osteoblasts beneath periosteum secrete new layers of matrix
  2. Osteoclasts remove old matrix slowly from inner surface to enlarge the medullary cavity
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6
Q

Bone Remodelling

A

Bone resorption - osteoclasts break down the old matrix

Bone deposition - osteoblasts produce new matrix

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7
Q

Fracture Repair

A
  1. Haematoma forms
    2, Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
  2. Bony callus forms
  3. Bome remodelling
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8
Q

Functional Joints

A

Synarthrosis - immovable
Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable
Diarthrosis - freely movable

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9
Q

Muscle Functions

A
  1. Produce body movements
  2. Maintains posture and body position
  3. Stabilises joints
  4. Generates heat
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10
Q

Muscle Characteristics

A
  1. Excitability
  2. Contractability
  3. Extensibility
  4. Elasticity
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11
Q

Muscle Contraction

A

STEP 1: Neural Stimulation - allows communication
STEP 2: Excitation-Contraction Coupling - links AP to contraction
STEP 3: Sliding Filament Theory

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12
Q

Layers of Heart Wall

A

Epicardium - outer cover, encloses the heart
Myocardium - muscular wall consisting of cardiac muscle cells, blood vessels, nerves and CT
Endocardium - epithelium covers the inner surfaces of the heart

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13
Q

Heart Valves

A 
AV Valves: 
- prevent backflow into atria
- chordae tendinae tense to prevent valves everting into atria
SL Valves: 
- forced open when ventricles contract
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14
Q

CAD

A

Angina pectoris - reduced blood flow to myocardium

Myocardial Infarction - prolonged coronary artery blockage

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15
Q

Intrinsic Conduction System

A

SA Nodes: generates impulses
AV Nodes: impulses pause
Bundle Branches: connect the atria to the ventricles
Purkinje Fibres: depolarise the contractile cells of both ventricles

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16
Q

ECG Deflections

A

P Wave - atrial depolarisation (systole)
QRS Complex - ventricular depolarisation (systole)
T Wave - ventricular repolarisation (diastole)

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17
Q

Factors Affecting Cardiac Output

A 
Stroke Volume
Venous Return
Passive Filling Time
Preload
Afterload
EDV
ESV
Heart Rate
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18
Q

Blood Vessel Walls

A 
Tunica Intima:
- innermost layer
- endothelial cells
Tunica Media:
- smooth muscle
- changes vessel diameter
Tunica Externa:
- connective tissue
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19
Q

Arteries & Arterioles

A

Elastic: conduct blood and are thick walled
Muscular: distribute blood and have a thick tunica media
Arterioles: mainly tunica media and change resistance to blood flow

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20
Q

Capillaires

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusodial

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21
Q

Venous Return

A 
Valves
Muscular Pump
Respiratory Pump
Pulsation
Venoconstriction
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22
Q

Regulation of Blood Pressure

A

Autoregulation
Neural Regulation
Renal Mechanisms
Endocrine Regulation

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23
Q

Bulk Flow

A

Hydrostatic = PUSH

Colloid Osmotic = PULL

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24
Q

Nasal Cavity

A 
Filters/Cleans the air
Warms and humidifies the air
Traps particulates
Kills Bacteria
Removes contaminated mucous
Sneezing dislodges irritants
Olfaction
Resonating chamber for speeech
25
Q

Compliance

A

Depends on:

  • lung elasticity
  • alveolar surface tension
  • flexibility of muscles and joints
26
Q

Obstructive Disorder

A

Caused by reduced airway diameter and increased resistance

Takes longer to achieve vital capacity

27
Q

Restrictive Disorder

A

Caused by decreased compliance of lungs on thoracic wall

Inability to alter the volume of thoracic cavity

28
Q

Surfactant

A

Prevents collapse, facilitated expansion
Prevents dehydration and thus damage to the membrane
Facilitates diffusion

29
Q

Carbon Dioxide Transport

A

10% dissolved in plasma
20% bound to Hb
70% as bicarbonate ions in plasma

30
Q

Oxygen Transport

A

Hb affinity for oxygen decreases when:

  • temperature increases
  • pH decreases
  • carbon dioxide increases
31
Q

Plasma pH

A 
Hyperventilation = increase pH
Hypoventilation = decrease pH
32
Q

Digestive Processes

A 
Ingestion
Propulsion
Mechanical Digestion
Chemical Digestion
Absorption
Defacation
33
Q

Tissue Composition

A

From interior to exterior:

  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • serosa
34
Q

Gastric Pits

A

HCl - activates pepsin, denatures proteins and destroys microorganisms
Pepsin - enzyme for protein digestion
Mucous - protects mucosa from HCl
Hormones - control gut motility and secretions

35
Q

Small Intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

36
Q

Mucosa/Submucosa

A

Circular Fold: slows the movement of chyme which increase the time for absorption
Villi: contains mucous-producing cells
Microvilli: brush border

37
Q

Brush Border

A

Plasma membrane bears enzymes that complete CHO, protein and nucleic acid digestion

38
Q

Liver

A

Lobules are the structural and functional components
Bile canaliculi run between hepatocytes to collect and drain bile into the portal triad
Hepatocytes produce bile to emulsify fats

39
Q

Gall Bladder

A

Stores and concentrates unused bile

Bile is secreted into the duodenum from the liver

40
Q

Anabolic State

A

Within 4 hours of eating
Nutrients are being absorbed from the small intestine
Excess nutrients are stored

41
Q

Catabolic State

A

More than 4 hours after eating
Blood nutrients level decreases
Stored nutrients are broken down

42
Q

Nephron

A

Renal Corpuscle: glomerulus and glomerular capsule are specialised for filtration
Renal Tubule: PCT, nephron loop and DCT

43
Q

Blood Supply to Nephrons

A

Glomerular capillaries
Peritubular capillaries
Vasa Recta

44
Q

Glomerular Filtration

A

Forms filtrate

Hydrostatic pressure drives filtration

45
Q

Tubular Reabsorption

A

Reclaims filtrate
Begins as soon as it enters the PCT
Aldosterone stimulates cells in the DCT and CD to reabsorb more sodium

46
Q

Tubular Secretion

A

Adds to filtrate
Clears plasma of unwanted substances
Secretion mainly occurs in PCT

47
Q

Pathway of Urine

A 
Papillae of pyramids
Minor calyces
Major calyces
Pelvis
Ureter
Bladder
48
Q

Aldosterone

A

Regulates electrolyte concentration in the ECF

49
Q

Chemical Buffer Systems

A

Bicarbonate Buffer System
Phosphate Buffer System
Protein Buffer System

50
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A 
How the body effects the drug
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
51
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A 
How the drug effects the body
Carrier proteins
Ion channels
Receptors
Enzymes
52
Q

Cytokines

A

Produced and secreted by WBC

Chemical messengers the recruit/activate WBC

53
Q

Macrophages & Neutrophils

A 
Migrate
Adhere
Engulf
Internalis
Destroy
54
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Destroy virus-infected and cancerous cells

Recognise, adhere and destroy target cells via perforins and granzymes

55
Q

Interferons

A

Inhibit viral replication and reduce the spread of infection

Activate macrophages and NK cells

56
Q

Complement

A

Recruit macrophages and neutrophils
Enhance phagocytosis
Form MAC
Enhance inflammatory response

57
Q

Normal Flora Infection

A

Upset ecological balance
Relocation of normal flora
Compromised host defences

58
Q

Host Defences

A 
Overcoming physical barriers
Resisting phagocytes
Forming a protective clot
Antigenic variation
Degrading antibodues

BMA (1 decks)

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