BM1011 Flashcards
Which of the following organ systems is involved in sending electrical signals?
a. The endocrine system.
b. The respiratory system.
c. The renal system.
d. The nervous system.
e. The integumentary system.
d. The nervous system.
Which of the following tissue types can be classified as squamous, cuboidal or columnar?
a. Nervous tissue.
b. Adipose tissue.
c. Epithelial tissue.
d. Connective tissue.
e. Muscle tissue.
c. Epithelial tissue.
Which of the following molecular types is non-polar?
a. Lipids.
b. Ions.
c. Carbohydrates.
d. Water.
a. Lipids.
Which of the following best describes the elemental composition of carbohydrates?
a. They are made of carbon hydrogen and oxygen.
b. They are made of carbon, sodium, nitrogen and oxygen.
c. They are made of nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen.
d. They are made from hydrogen, sodium and potassium.
e. They are made from cats.
a. They are made of carbon hydrogen and oxygen.
Which is the following best explains why carbohydrates are polar but lipids are not?
a. Carbohydrates contain a lot of ions, lipids do not.
b. Lipids are smaller molecules.
c. Lipids contain a lot of nitrogen, but carbohydrates do not.
d. Carbohydrates contain a lot of oxygen, lipids do not.
d. Carbohydrates contain a lot of oxygen, lipids do not.
Which of the following best describes the ionic composition of the inside of a cell?
a. It contains potassium and sodium.
b. It contains sodium and chloride.
c. It contains potassium and phosphate.
d. It contains calcium and phosphate.
e. It contains potassium and chloride.
c. It contains potassium and phosphate.
Why do ion gradients exist within a cell?
a. Because ions naturally seperate into distinct pools as sodium and potassium can’t be in the same fluid pool.
b. Because an active transporter called the sodium potassium pump creates high concentrations of potassium inside a cell and sodium outside.
c. Because sodium can mix with water but potassium can’t.
d. Because sodium can cross the plasma membrane freely, but potassium can’t.
e. Because the organelles in a cell attract sodium.
c. Because sodium can mix with water but potassium can’t.
Which of the following best describes aerobic metabolism compared to anaerobic metabolism?
a. Aerobic metabolism makes lactate, anaerobic metabolism makes acid.
b. In aerobic metabolism more bonds are broken in the carbohydrates, so more energy is released for ATP production.
c. In anaerobic metabolism, glucose is made, but in aerobic metabolism glucose is broken up.
d. Anaerobic metabolism needs oxygen, aerobic does not.
e. Anaerobic metabolism produces more ATP per glucose than aerobic metabolism does.
b. In aerobic metabolism more bonds are broken in the carbohydrates, so more energy is released for ATP production.
What is the cellular process of the Nucleus?
DNA transcription.
What is cellular processes of the Mitochondria?
ATP production.
What is the cellular processes of Ribosomes?
RNA translation.
What is the cellular processes of the Golgi Complex?
Organises where proteins will be sent in a cell.
What is the cellular processes of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Post translation processing (protein folding).
The kidneys are in the ______ cavity.
Pelvic.
Your nose is ______ to your ears.
Medial.
Your navel is ______ to your chin.
Inferior.
What is mRNA?
Messenger ribonucleic acid, a copy of a DNA sequence which codes for a protein.
What is tRNA?
Transfer ribonucleic acid, RNA which binds an amino acid and also binds to mRNA to generate a peptide sequence form a mRNA.
List the three major steps to ‘protein synthesis’?
- Transcription.
- Translation.
- Processing.
What is ‘transcription’ in regard to protein synthesis?
Transcription is the copying of the genetic code from DNA to RNA, in which the DNA triplet sequence is transcribed into an RNA codon sequence.
What is ‘translation’ in regard to protein synthesis?
Translation is the conversion of the genetic code from mRNA to a peptide.
What is ‘processing’ in regard to protein synthesis?
Processing occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. Peptide sequences fold into correct shape and receive final functional modifications.
What is the ‘Golgi apparatus’?
The Golgi apparatus receives the proteins from the ER and packaged them into vesicles which determine where in the cell the protein will go.
What is ‘exocytosis’?
Moves substances from the cell interior into the extra cellular space. For example, hormone secretion.
What is ‘endocytosis’?
Provides a means for large particles and macromolecules to enter the cell. Consider to be cell ‘eating’.
What is phagocytosis’?
A form of endocytosis in which relatively large or solid items, such as clumps of bacteria or cellular debris, are engulfed by the cell. Important mechanisms used by some white blood cells, both for protection and to clean up dead cells.
What is a ‘genotype’?
The genes present in an individual.
What is a ‘phenotype’?
The characteristics of the genes which are expressed.
What is an ‘allele’?
One of the two copies of a gene present in a genome.
What is ‘mitosis’?
Cell division, there should be no variation in genetic material between the mother cell and the daughter cell.
What is ‘gene expression’?
The process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule. For example, control of insulin expression so it gives a signal for blood glucose regulation.
What are the functional characteristics of the ‘Integumentary System’?
- Skin, hair, nails.
- External body covering.
- Protection of deeper tissues form injury.
- Sensory receptors (pain, pressure, texture).
- Temperature regulation (sweat, blood circulation).
What are the functional characteristics of the ‘Skeletal System’?
- Supports and protect body organs.
- Provides muscle framework for movement.
- Formation of blood cells in bones.
- Storage of minerals.
What are the functional characteristics of the ‘Muscular System’?
- Movement of body or parts of.
- Heat production.
What are the functional characteristics of the ‘Digestive System’?
- Breaks food down into smaller units for distribution by blood to body cells (metabolism).
- Eliminates waste via excretion (indigestible foods, dead red blood cells).
What are the functional characteristics of the ‘Lymphatic System/Immunity’?
- Recovers fluid that leaks from blood vessels into tissues.
- Disposes of cellular debris.
- Houses white blood cells, involved in immunity.
What are the functional characteristics of the ‘Urinary System’?
- Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body.
- Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance in blood.
What are the functional characteristics of the ‘Nervous System’?
- Body control system.
- Responds to internal and external changes.
What are the functional characteristics of the ‘Cardiovascular System’?
- Blood vessels transport blood which Carrie’s O2, CO2, nutrients and wastes.
- Heart pumps blood.
What are the functional characteristics of the ‘Endocrine System’?
- Secretion of hormones by glands.
- Regulates growth, reproduction, nutrient use.
What are the functional characteristics of the ‘Respiratory System’?
- Keeps blood supplied with oxygen.
- Removes carbon dioxide.
- Acid-base balance.
What are the functional characteristics of the ‘Reproductive System’?
- Reproduction of living organism.
- Testes produce sperm and make sex hormone.
- Ducts and glands deliver sperm to female reproductive tract.
- Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones.
- Sites for fertilisation and development of foetus.
- Mammary glands produce nourishment for infant.
The main cation found inside the cell is…
Potassium.
What are lipids composed of:
Hydrogen, carbon and oxygen.
Translation of messenger RNA into peptide sequences occurs in which organelle?
Ribosome.
The Endocrine Glands can be stimulated by ‘Neural’…
Signal from nerve (fast)-adrenaline.
The Endocrine Glands can be stimulated by ‘Hormonal’…
Blood borne signal chemical-cortisol, reproductive hormones.
How far does the hormone travel to exert its effect during Endocrine Secretion?
Blood borne, affects distant tissues.
Most hormones are controlled by what feedback?
Negative feedback.
Timing of hormone effects may vary, but often Peptides are…
Fast action, water soluble, act via second messenger.
Timing of hormone effects may vary, but often Steroids are…
Slow, fat soluble, act via gene regulation.
What are ‘Prostaglandins’?
Paracrine, part of inflammation and immunity.
What are ‘Leukotrienes’?
Hormones of the immune system.
What is the ‘Antidiuretic Hormone’ (ADH) responsible for?
ADH is a chemical produced in the hypothalamus (in the brain), that causes the kidneys to release less water, decreasing the amount of urine produced.
What type of hormone, stimulus and affected organs is ADH.
Hormone: Peptide.
Stimulus: Neural-Osmoreceptors.
Affected Organs: Kidneys (collecting duct of nephrons) (blood vessels).
What is the Hypothalamus responsible for?
Master controller of many hormone based systems. Releases hormones to the Posterior Pituitary Gland.
What is the role of the anterior and posterior divisions of the Pituitary Gland?
Anterior: Secretes its own hormones.
Posterior: Releases hormones from hypothalamus into blood, for example, ADH.
What is the role of ADH secretion?
- Released in response to increased plasma osmolarity (saltiness), or decreasing blood pressure.
- Coincides with thirst.
- Reduces water loss in urine.
- Increases blood volume.
What is the role of ADH and the Collecting Duct?
- Water leaves tubular fluid (urine) in medulla.
- Absorbed water passes into blood.
- Increases water reabsorption in collecting duct of nephron, producing concentrated urine.
What is the hormone ‘Aldosterone’ responsible for?
Regulates the reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys.
Endocrine Organ: Adrenal Gland.
Type of Hormone: Steroid.
Stimulus: Hormonal-Angiotensin II.
Affected Organs: Kidney-Na+ absorption, K+ secretion, Tissues-K+ regulation.
What effect does Angiotensin protein have on blood pressure, aldosterone secretion and sodium retention?
Blood pressure: Increases.
Aldosterone secretion: Increases.
Sodium retention: Increases.
What effect does Aldosterone have on sodium absorption, blood volume and ADH?
Sodium absorption: Increases.
Blood volume: Increases.
ADH: Increases.
What is the Adrenal Gland responsible for?
Produce hormones that help regulate metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions.
Cortex: Releases steroids.
Medulla: Releases adrenaline.
What is Adrenaline and Adrenaline release?
- Amine hormone-Also called epinephrine, like a peptide, polar.
- Stimulated by sympathetic nervous system.
What are the actions of Adrenaline to the Heart & Lung?
Heart: Increases heart rate.
Lungs: Bronchodilation, increased air intake. Facilitates ventilation.
Effect: Increased blood supply to tissues. Increased gas exchange.
What are the actions of Adrenaline to the Liver & Skeletal Muscle?
Liver: Glucose release.
Skeletal Muscle: Vasodilation, blood vessel opens up.
Effects: More blood and glucose to muscles.
Adrenaline is released in response to what input?
Nervous input.
Stimulation of Adrenaline Release.
Brain senses stress —> Brain send nervous signal to adrenal gland —> Adrenal gland releases adrenaline.
Stimulation of Cortisol Release.
Brain senses stress —> Hypothalamus releases CRH —> Pituitary releases ACTH —> ACTH stimulates adrenal gland —> Adrenal gland releases cortisol.
Which of the following move across capillaries?
- Water.
- Sodium.
- Potassium.
- Glucose.
- Proteins.
- Acids.
- Bases.
- Oxygen.
- Carbon Dioxide.
- Water.
- Sodium.
- Potassium.
- Glucose.
- Acids.
- Bases.
- Oxygen.
- Carbon Dioxide.
The main cation in the cells is…
Potassium.
The main cation outside the cells is…
Sodium.
Ions move passively via…
Passive transport.
Ions move actively via…
Active transport.
Gradients are made by…
Membrane proteins (transporters).
If the ICF (Intracellular Fluid) changes this can affect ECF (Extracellular Fluid) ions due to changes in…
Ion balance.
What are the physical characteristics of ‘Arteries’?
- 3 layers of tissue.
- Thicker walls than veins, receive blood at higher pressure.
- Smaller lumen than veins, maintain blood pressure throughout system.
What is the role of ‘Arteries’?
- Carry blood away from heart.
- Carry blood, associated oxygen, nutrients, water and hormones throughout the body.
- Seminlunar valves to present backflow to heart.
What are the physical characteristics of ‘Veins’?
- 3 layers of tissue.
- Thinner walls, withstand lower pressure.
- Larger lumen.
What is the role of ‘Veins’?
- Carry blood towards heart.
- Carry blood, associated oxygen, nutrients, water and hormones throughout the body.
- Decreasing blood pressure: Numerous one-directional valves to keep blood moving towards heart and prevent backflow.
What are the physical characteristics of ‘Capillaries’?
- Single layer of tissue- Connect arteries and veins.
- No valves.
- Very thin walls, very small lumen.
What is the role of ‘Capillaries’?
- Connect arteries and veins.
- Chemical exchange between blood and tissues.
- Deliver blood, associated oxygen, nutrients, water and hormones to tissues.
Describe the three layers that typically form the wall of a blood vessel.
Tunica Intima: Inner layer, regulates BP, prevents blood clots and keeps blood flowing smoothly.
Media: Middle layer, contains elastic fibres that keep blood flowing in one direction.
Adventita: Outer layer, gives blood vessels their structure and support.
Define Vasoconstriction.
The narrowing (constriction) of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls. A mechanism to enhance blood flow to areas of the body that are lacking oxygen and/or nutrients.
Define Vasodilation.
The dilatation of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure.
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system innervates blood vessels?
Sympathetic Nervous System.
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
- The diaphragm contracts + flattens and the chest cavity enlarges.
- Causes increased lung volume.
What happens to the diaphragm during exhalation?
- The diaphragm relaxes and returns to its domelike shape, and air is forced out of the lungs.
- Causes decreased lung volume.
What happens to the internal intercostal muscles during inhalation?
Relax.
What happens to the external intercostal muscles during exhalation?
Contract.
What happens to the alveolar pressure during inspiration?
At the end of inspiration, the alveolar pressure returns to atmospheric pressure.
What happens to the alveolar pressure during exhalation?
The lung alveoli collapse before air is expelled from them.
