Blue Print- Respiratory System Flashcards
Pleural Effusion
Abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity
Pleural Effusion (Types of Fluid)
Transudate
Exudate
Purulent (containing pus, empyema)
Chyle (milky fluid of fat and lymph) Sanguineous (bloody)
Diagnosis and Treatment of Pleural Effusion
Diagnosis:
Chest radiograph
CT scan
Treatment: directed at the cause of the disorder
Thoracentesis- a procedure to remove fluid/air from lungs
Injection of Sclero agent- solution introduced to pleura to prevent reaccumulation of fluid
Pleural Effusion (Transudative)
Occurs due to an increased hydrostatic pressure or low plasma oncotic pressure
E.g., CHF, Cirrhosis, Nephrotic Syndrome, PE, Hypoalbuminemia
LOW in protein and LDH
(Nephrotic syndrome -kidney disorder that causes your body to pass too much protein in your urine.)
Pleural Effusion (Exudative)
Occurs due to inflammation and increased capillary permeability
E.g., Pneumonia, Cancer, TB, Viral infection, PE, Autoimmune disease
Empyema
Disorder of the Pleura
Pus-filled pockets that develop in the pleural space
Atelectasis
The incomplete expansion of a lung or portion of a lung
Atelectasis (Causes and Types)
Causes:
Airway obstruction
Lung compression such as that occurs in pneumothorax (complete collapsed lung) or pleural effusion
Increased recoil of the lung due to loss of pulmonary surfactant
Types:
Primary
Secondary
Emphysema
Enlargement of air spaces and destruction of lung tissue.
Emphysema is categorized as a type of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Types:
Centriacinar- upper lobes
Panacinar- lower lobes
Characteristics of Pulmonary Emphysema
Smoking history Age of onset: 40-50 years Often dramatic barrel chest Weight Loss Decreased breath sounds Normal blood gases until late in the disease process Cor pulmonale only in advanced cases (Right-sided HF) Slowly debilitating disease
Chronic Obstructive Bronchitis
Obstruction of small airways
COB is categorized as a type of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Characteristics of Chronic Obstructive Bronchitis
Smoking history Age of onset 30-40 years Barrel chest may be present Shortness of breath (early symptom) Rhonchi is often present (Roco) Sputum frequent, an early manifestation Often dramatic cyanosis Hypercapnia and hypoxemia may be present Frequent Cor pulmonale (Right HF) and polycythemia (an increase of RBC) Numerous life-threatening episodes due to acute exacerbation
Pathophysiology of Chronic Bronchitis
Mucus accumulation Mucus plug Hyperinflation of alveoli Enlarged submucosal gland Inflammation of epithelium
Bronchiectasis
Permanent dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles
Manifestations: Atelectasis Obstruction of smaller airways Diffuse bronchitis Recurrent pulmonary infection Coughing; production of copious amounts of foul-smelling purulent sputum; and hemoptysis Weight loss and anemia are common
Common Respiratory Infections
Common Cold Influenza Pneumonia Tuberculosis Fungal infections of the lung
