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HOSA > BLS/ CPR EXAM > Flashcards

BLS/ CPR EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Anaphylactic Shock Symptoms

A

Difficulty breathing
Swelling of the face, throat, or tongue
Hives or rash
Rapid, weak pulse
Low blood pressure
Dizziness or fainting

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2
Q

Anaphylactic Shock Treatment

A

Administer epinephrine (EpiPen) if available.
Call 911 immediately.
Keep the person calm and in a comfortable position.
Monitor breathing and be prepared to perform CPR if necessary.

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3
Q

Cardiogenic Shock Symptoms

A

Rapid breathing
Weak, irregular pulse
Chest pain
Sweating
Cool, clammy skin
Low blood pressure

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4
Q

Cardiogenic Shock Treatment

A

Call 911 immediately.
Keep the person in a semi-sitting position to ease breathing.
Administer oxygen (if trained and available).
Monitor for cardiac arrest and be prepared to perform CPR.

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5
Q

Hemorrhagic Shock Symptoms

A

Rapid, weak pulse
Pale, cool, clammy skin
Rapid breathing
Dizziness or confusion
Low blood pressure

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6
Q

Hemorrhagic Shock Treatment

A

Stop the bleeding by applying firm pressure.
Elevate legs to improve circulation to vital organs (if no spinal injury).
Call 911 immediately.
Keep the person warm and calm.

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7
Q

Neurogenic Shock Symptoms

A

Warm, dry skin
Low blood pressure
Slow pulse
Paralysis or loss of sensation below the injury

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8
Q

Neurogenic Shock Treatment

A

Call 911 immediately.
Immobilize the spine to prevent further injury.
Keep the person warm and monitor their breathing.

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9
Q

Psychogenic Shock Symptoms

A

Sudden dizziness or lightheadedness
Pale, cool skin
Brief loss of consciousness

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10
Q

Psychogenic Shock Treatment

A

Lay the person flat with legs elevated to improve blood flow.
Check for injuries from the fall.
Monitor vital signs and ensure they regain full consciousness.

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11
Q

Respiratory Shock Symptoms

A

Difficulty breathing
Cyanosis (bluish skin or lips)
Rapid pulse
Altered mental state

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12
Q

Respiratory Shock Treatment

A

Call 911 immediately.
Ensure the airway is clear.
Provide oxygen if trained and available.
Be ready to perform CPR if breathing stops.

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13
Q

Septic Shock Symptoms

A

Fever or abnormally low body temperature
Warm, flushed skin early, progressing to cool, pale skin
Rapid, weak pulse
Altered mental state
Low blood pressure

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14
Q

Septic Shock Treatment

A

Call 911 immediately.
Keep the person warm and calm.
Administer oxygen if trained and available.

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15
Q

Metabolic Shock Symptoms

A

Rapid breathing
Weak pulse
Low blood pressure
Altered mental state
Cool, clammy skin

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16
Q

Metabolic Shock Treatment

A

Call 911 if severe.
Rehydrate with fluids if the person is conscious and able to drink.
Treat underlying causes (e.g., address vomiting or diarrhea).

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17
Q

Anaphylactic Shock Causes

A

Severe allergic reaction (e.g., to food, medication, insect stings).

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18
Q

Cardiogenic Shock Causes

A

The heart cannot pump enough blood ( e.g., after a heart attack)

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19
Q

Hemorrhagic Shock Causes

A

Severe blood loss ( external or internal bleeding)

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20
Q

Neurogenic Shock Causes

A

Damage to the spinal cord, disrupting the nervous system’s control over blood vessels.

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21
Q

Psychogenic Shock Causes

A

Emotional distress or sudden trauma causing temporary blood flow reduction to the brain (fainting).

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22
Q

Repsiratory Shock Causes

A

Insufficient oxygen in the bloodstream due to a respiratory issue (e.g., airway obstruction, lung injury).

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23
Q

Septic Shock Causes

A

Sever infection causing a systemic inflammatory response and low blood pressure.

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24
Q

Metabolic Shock Causes

A

Loss of body fluids due to severe vomiting, diarrhea, or dehydration.

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25
Q

Pediatric In- Hospital Chain of Survival

A

Early Recognition and Prevention
Activation of Emergency Response
High Quality CPR
Advance Resuscitation
Post-Cardiac Arrest Care
Recovery

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26
Q

Pediatric Out-of-Hospital Chain of Survival

A

Prevention
Activation of Emergency Response
High-Quality CPR
Advanced Resuscitation
Post-Cardiac Arrest Care
Recovery

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27
Q

Adult In-Hospital Chain of Survival

A

Early Recognition and Prevention
Activation of Emergency Response
High-Quality CPR
Defibrillation
Post-Cardiac Arrest Care
Recovery

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28
Q

Adult Out-of- Hospital Chain of Survival

A

Activation of Emergency Response
High-Quality CPR
Defibrillation
Advanced Resuscitation
Post-Cardiac Arrest Care
Recovery

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29
Q

What is the proper depth for chest compressions for an infant?

A

4cm or 1.5 in

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30
Q

Five sections of the spine

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

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31
Q

After taking the epi pen out of the victims thigh, how long do you rub the leg?

A

10 seconds

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32
Q

If you cannot wash your hands right away, its ok to use ____

A

hand sanitizer

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33
Q

Best place to go for a tooth injury

A

Dentist

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34
Q

Sprain

A

injury to the tissue surrounding a joint

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35
Q

The major bone in the ankle

A

Talus

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36
Q

How might someone with low blood sugar act or react

A

Might be nervous, irritable, or confused

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37
Q

How should you remove a stinger from someone who has been stung by a bee?

A

Scrape away the stinger and venom sac by using something dull, like a credit card

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38
Q

What are good examples of what to give someone with log blood sugar?

A

Gatorade and a packet of sugar

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39
Q

When upper spine has exaggerated forward curve

A

Kyphotic spine

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40
Q

A ____ is a material used to protect or cover an injured body part and may also help to keep pressure on the wound.

A

Bandage

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41
Q

The four muscles of the rotator cuff

A

Subscapularis, subraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor

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42
Q

How many curves in the spine

A

5

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43
Q

A combination of three different knee injuries that often occur together and include an ACL tear, meniscus tear, and MCL tear.

A

The unhappy Triad

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44
Q

The cartilage that absorbs shock in your knee joint

A

Meniscus

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45
Q

How long should you wash your hands?

A

At least 20 seconds.

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46
Q

When administering an epinephrine pen, how long do you hold the pen in place?

A

10 seconds

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47
Q

What does the BLS sequence of steps CAB stand for?

A

Chest compressions, Airway, Breathing

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48
Q

Abnormal electrical activity in the brain

A

Seizure

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49
Q

Exaggerated lumbar curve

A

Lordosis of the spine

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50
Q

How should you help someone who is suffering from a heat illness?

A

Get them out of the heat and cool them down by putting cool water on their neck and skin

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51
Q

What does the actonym MCL stand for

A

Medial Collateral Ligament

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52
Q

_____ develops when there is not enough blood flowing to the cells of the body.

A

Shock

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53
Q

Some reasons for low blood sugar are

A

Taking certain medications, diabetes, drinking alcohol

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54
Q

When is it ok to hang up with a 911 dispatcher?

A

When the dispatcher tells you it is ok to hang up

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55
Q

Proper name for kneecap

A

Patella

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56
Q

The four ligaments in the knee

A

ACL, PCL, LCL, MCL

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57
Q

For a small burn, run _____ over the burn area.

A

Cool water

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58
Q

If someone is bitten by a snake, should you suck the venom out?

A

No

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59
Q

If you have a nose bleed, you should lean ______.

A

Forward

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60
Q

Fibrous cords of tissue that attach muscles to bone

A

Tendon

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61
Q

Someone who has been bitten or stung by an insect may have an allergic reaction and should be watched for at least ____ minutes

A

30 minutes

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62
Q

Heel bone

A

Calcaneus

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63
Q

Where on the nose do you press if someone is having a nose bleed

A

Press both sides of nostrils

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64
Q

Strain

A

overstretching of a muslce

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65
Q

Until a health care provider can remove it, what should you do with a sharp object, such as a knife, that penetrates the body?

A

Leave it in until a healthcare provider can remove it

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66
Q

When applying ice to a sprained ankle, apply the ice _______

A

directly to the injured area.

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67
Q

How should you remove a tick?

A

By using tweezers

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68
Q

RICE stands for what?

A

Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation

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69
Q

What does the acronym ACL stand for?

A

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

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70
Q

_____ occurs when blood stops flowing to part of the brain

A

Stroke

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71
Q

Lower Leg Bone

A

Fibula

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72
Q

What does the acronym LCL stand for?

A

Lateral Collateral Ligament

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73
Q

The fibrous band of connective tissue that joins bone with bone

A

Ligament

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74
Q

If after applying more bandages and pplying more pressure, the bleeding still does not stop, you can use a _______

A

Tourniquet

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75
Q

Best place to keep a tooth that needs to be put back in while you are heading to get help

A

Cup of milk

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76
Q

What is First Aid

A

Immediate care that is given to the victim of an injury or illness until experts can take over

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77
Q

Hemorrhage

A

bleeding, usually involving a large amount of blood loss in a short period of time.

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78
Q

Hypothermia

A

Medical emergency that occurs when a person’s body temperature drops below 95°F (35°C).

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79
Q

Incision

A

A clean straight cut in the skin caused by a sharp object like a knife or glass.

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80
Q

Infection

A

Germs invade and grow in the body

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81
Q

Insulin Shock

A

A diabetic emergency that occurs when blood sugar drops too low, causing the body to shut down

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82
Q

Laceration

A

Wound in the skin caused by tearing, stretching, or shearing forces. Often irregular and jagged and can be caused by sharp or blunt trauma.

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83
Q

Poisoning

A

Medical condition that occurs when a person is exposed to a harmful substance, such as a chemical, drug, venom, or gas.

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84
Q

Puncture

A

Wound made by a sharp or pointed object that penetrates the skin and tissue.

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85
Q

Shock

A

Life- threatening medical emergency that occurs when the body’s organs and tissues aren’t getting enough oxygen and nutrients to function properly

86
Q

Triage

A

Medical process that prioritizes patients for emergency care based on their need for treatment and the availability of resources.

87
Q

Wound

A

A break in the skin or other body tissues caused by an injury or surgical incision

88
Q

Abrasion

A

Superficial wound caused by scaping the skin.

89
Q

Abrasion Causes

A

Falls or friction with a rough surface

90
Q

Abrasion symptoms

A

Raw, red surface; possible minor bleeding.

91
Q

Abrasion Treatment

A

Clean with soap and water, apply antibiotic ointment, cover with sterile dressing.

92
Q

Incision causes

A

Knife, glass, sharp objects

93
Q

Incision treatment

A

Control bleeding, clean the wound, and close with sutures if deep.

94
Q

Laceration treatment

A

Properly clean the wound. Remove all dirt and debris by first running cool water over the area, and then clean with a sterile cloth, warm water, and mild soap. Apply antibiotic ointment, and then cover the wound area with a sterile gauze bandage and first-aid tape

95
Q

Puncture Treatment

A

Wash your hands. This helps prevent infection.
Stop the bleeding. Apply gentle pressure with a clean bandage or cloth.
Clean the wound. Rinse the wound with clear water for 5 to 10 minutes. …
Apply an ointment. …
Cover the wound. …
Change the dressing. …
Watch for signs of infection.

96
Q

Avulsion

A

Skin or tissue is forcibly torn away

97
Q

Avulsion Treatment

A

Control bleeding: Apply direct pressure to the wound with a clean cloth or gauze to stop the bleeding.

Clean the wound: Rinse the area with clean water or saline solution to remove debris.

Preserve detached tissue: If a large piece of skin is torn away, try to gently clean it and bring it with you to the hospital.

Apply dressing: Cover the wound with a sterile bandage and apply antibiotic ointment to prevent infection.

Elevate the area: Raise the injured limb above the heart level to reduce swelling.

Seek medical attention: Contact a healthcare professional immediately if the wound is severe, involves large tissue loss, or shows signs of infection.

98
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

Incomplete fracture where the bone bends or partially cracks

99
Q

Greenstick Fracture is common in ______

A

Children

100
Q

Greenstick Fracture Treatment

A

First aid treatment for a greenstick fracture involves immobilizing the affected limb with a splint or sling to prevent further damage, applying ice to reduce swelling, and seeking immediate medical attention as the injury still requires proper diagnosis and management by a doctor

101
Q

Closed/Simple Fracture

A

Bone is broken but does not pierce the skin

102
Q

Closed/Simple Fracture treatment

A

immobilizing the affected area by applying a splint or padding to support the broken bone, keeping the injured limb still, applying cold packs to reduce swelling, and seeking immediate medical attention; do not attempt to straighten or manipulate the broken bone yourself

103
Q

Compound/Open Fracture

A

Bone breaks through the skin

104
Q

Compound/ Open Fracture Treatment

A

control any bleeding by applying direct pressure with a clean dressing over the wound, cover the exposed bone with a sterile dressing, immobilize the affected area with a splint, and call for immediate medical attention; do not attempt to reposition the bone, and keep the injured person still to minimize further damage

105
Q

Impacted Fracture

A

Bone ends are forced together by pressure

106
Q

Impacted fracture treatment

A

immobilize the affected area with a splint or padding, keeping the injured limb as still as possible while waiting for medical attention; do not attempt to reposition the bone, and always prioritize controlling any bleeding if present, then apply ice to reduce swelling and pain.

107
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

Bone is shattered into multiple fragments

108
Q

Comminuted Fracture Treatment

A

immobilize the affected area by applying a splint, keeping the injured person still, applying ice to reduce swelling, and seeking immediate medical attention as this type of fracture typically requires surgery to properly align the broken bone fragments; do not attempt to straighten the bone yourself and be cautious not to move the injured area excessively

109
Q

First Degree Burn (Superficial)

A

only affects the epidermis, or outer layer of skin

110
Q

First Degree Burn Symptoms

A

Red, dry skin, mild pain.

111
Q

First Degree Burn Treatment

A

Immediately immerse the burn in cool tap water or apply cold, wet compresses. Do this for about 10 minutes or until the pain subsides. Apply petroleum jelly two to three times daily. Do not apply ointments, toothpaste or butter to the burn, as these may cause an infection.

112
Q

Second Degree Burn (Partial Thickness)

A

Affects the epidermis and the layer underneath (dermis).

113
Q

Second Degree Burn Symptoms

A

Blisters, swelling, severe pain.

114
Q

Second Degree Burn Treatment

A

immediately cool the area with cool running water for 10-20 minutes, gently pat it dry, apply a thin layer of antibiotic ointment, cover with a clean, non-stick bandage, and elevate the affected area if possible; seek medical attention if the burn is large, covers a sensitive area, or shows signs of infection; avoid popping blisters and use over-the-counter pain medication as needed.

115
Q

Third Degree Burn (Full Thickness)

A

Affects all three skin layers: epidermis, dermis, and fat.

116
Q

Third Degree Burn Symptoms

A

White/charred skin, no pain (nerve damage)

117
Q

Third Degree Burn Treatment

A

Call 911 or go immediately to the nearest hospital.
Do not remove clothing stuck to the burn.
Do not soak the burned area in water.
Cover the burn with a cool clean cloth or bandage.
Keep the burn raise above the level of the heart.

118
Q

Fourth Degree Burn

A

Penetrates all layers of the skin and can affect the underlying muscles, tendons, and bones.

119
Q

Fourth Degree Burn Symptoms

A

Charred or blackened skin.
Deep tissue damage.
Numbness or loss of sensation.
Severe pain or discomfort.
Swelling or inflammation.
Infection or sepsis.
Hypovolemia or shock.
Respiratory distress or failure.

120
Q

Fourth Degree Burn Treatment

A

Call 911 IMMEDIATELY
Protect the person: Move the person away from the source of the burn, if possible. If the burn is electrical, turn off the power.
Check breathing: Make sure the person is breathing. If they aren’t, perform rescue breathing if you are trained.
Cover the burn: Loosely cover the burn with a clean cloth or gauze.
Raise the burn: If possible, lift the burned area above the heart.
Watch for shock: Look for signs of shock, such as cool, clammy skin, shallow breathing, and a weak pulse.

121
Q

Chemical Burns on Skin Treatment

A

Flush with water for at least 20 minutes, remove contaminated clothing, and seek medical attention if the burn is severe or involves a large area of skin

122
Q

Chemical Burn on Eye(s) Treatment

A

flush your eye with a gentle stream of clean water for at least 20 minutes, holding your eyelids open to ensure thorough rinsing; remove any contact lenses first, and seek immediate medical attention, informing the healthcare provider about the specific chemical involved.

123
Q

Heat Cramps

A

painful muscle spasms that occur when your body is too hot, often during or after intense exercise in a hot environment.

124
Q

Heat Cramps Symptoms

A

Muscle pain/spasms, sweating.

125
Q

Heat Cramps Treatment

A

Move to a cool place, drink water with electrolytes, stretch muscles gently.

126
Q

Heat Exhaustion

A

Heat exhaustion is a milder heat-related illness that occurs when the body loses too much water and salt through sweat due to exposure to high heat or strenuous physical activity

127
Q

Heat Exhaustion Symptoms

A

Heave sweating, weakness, dizziness, nausea, weak rapid pluse,

128
Q

Heat Exhaustion Treatment

A

Move to a cooler place: Get the person out of the heat and into a shaded area or air-conditioned room.
Remove clothing: Loosen or remove any unnecessary clothing, especially shoes and socks.
Cool down: Apply cool, wet cloths or a cold-water spray to the skin. You can also have the person take a cool shower or bath.
Hydrate: Give the person water or an isotonic sports drink to sip on. Avoid caffeine and alcohol.
Check vital signs: Check the person’s breathing, pulse, and responsiveness.
Monitor temperature: If possible, take the person’s temperature and continue to check it every few minutes. Once it’s down to 100°F (37.8°C), you can stop cooling them down.
Seek medical attention: If the person vomits more than once, their symptoms worsen, or they last longer than an hour, seek immediate medical attention. You should also call 911 if medical care is unavailable.

129
Q

Heat Stroke

A

life-threatening condition in which heat overwhelms your body’s ability to manage its temperature

130
Q

Heat Stroke Symptoms

A

Mental changes: Confusion, delirium, or unconsciousness
Skin: Hot, red, and dry skin, even under the armpits
Body temperature: A rectal temperature over 104° F (40°C)
Other symptoms: Throbbing headache, nausea, dizziness, fainting, rapid and strong pulse, muscle cramps, dehydration, thirst, and reduced or dark urine output

131
Q

Heat Stroke Treatment

A

Call 911
Put the person in a cool tub of water or a cool shower.
Spray the person with a garden hose.
Sponge the person with cool water.
Fan the person while misting with cool water.
Place ice packs or cool, wet towels on the neck, armpits and groin.
Cover the person with cool, damp sheets.
If the person is conscious, offer chilled water, a sports drink containing electrolytes or another nonalcoholic beverage without caffeine.
Begin CPR if the person loses consciousness and shows no signs of circulation, such as breathing, coughing or movement.
Avoid aspirin or acetaminophen: Do not give aspirin or acetaminophen to reduce a high body temperature.

132
Q

Hypothermia

A

dangerously low body temperature, below 95°F (35°C).

133
Q

Hypothermia Symptoms

A

Shivering.
Slurred speech or mumbling.
Slow, shallow breathing.
Weak pulse.
Clumsiness or lack of coordination.
Drowsiness or very low energy.
Confusion or memory loss.
Loss of consciousness.

134
Q

Hypothermia Treatment

A

Moving them to a warm place: Gently move the person to a sheltered area, such as indoors. If going inside isn’t possible, protect them from the wind, especially around their head and neck.
Removing wet clothing: Take off any wet clothing and replace it with dry, warm clothing or blankets.
Warming the person: Gradually warm the person’s core, such as their chest, neck, head, and groin. You can use an electric blanket, warm compresses, or a hot water bottle wrapped in a towel. You can also try skin-to-skin contact with the person.
Monitoring breathing and circulation: Check the person’s breathing and circulation.
Giving warm drinks and food: Offer the person warm, nonalcoholic, sweet drinks and high-energy foods, like chocolate.
Calling emergency services: Call emergency services or 9-1-1.
Performing CPR: If the person is unresponsive or not breathing normally, perform CPR.

135
Q

Frostbite

A

injury to body tissues caused by exposure to extreme cold, typically affecting the nose, fingers, or toes and sometimes resulting in gangrene (a serious condition that occurs when body tissue dies due to a lack of blood supply or a bacterial infection).

136
Q

Gangrene

A

a serious condition that occurs when body tissue dies due to a lack of blood supply or a bacterial infection.

137
Q

Frostbite Symptoms

A

Pale, cold skin, numbness, stiffness.

138
Q

Frostbite Treatment

A

Moving them to a warm place: Get them out of the cold and wind.
Gently warming the area: Soak the affected area in warm water (100–105°F) for 20–30 minutes, or apply a warm cloth to the nose, ears, or cheeks. You can also try warming the affected area with your body heat, like tucking frostbitten fingers under your armpit.
Bandaging the area: Use dry, sterile dressings to loosely bandage the area. If the affected area is fingers or toes, separate them with sterile gauze.
Preventing refreezing: Keep the person warm and avoid exposing the affected area to direct heat.
Seeking medical care: Seek professional medical care as soon as possible

139
Q

Sprain Symptoms

A

Swelling, bruising, limited movement.

140
Q

Sprain Treatment

A

R.I.C.E (Rest, Ice, Compress, Elevate)

141
Q

Strain Symptoms

A

Muscle Pain, weakness, swelling

142
Q

Strain Treatment

A

R.I.C.E., over the counter pain relief

143
Q

Splint

A

hold an injured body part stable, preventing further damage by immobilizing it, which helps reduce pain and allows the injury to heal properly until medical attention can be received

144
Q

Slings

A

A sling is a device used to support and keep still (immobilize) an injured part of the body. Slings can be used for many different injuries. They are most often used when you have a broken (fractured) or dislocated arm, elbow, collarbone, or shoulder

145
Q

Sling vs Splint

A

Sling is a bandage that supports an injured part, while a splint is a short term treatment that holds bones and joints in place using any flexible object

146
Q

First Aid: Neck and Spine Injuries
Symptoms

A

Pain: Pain or pressure in the neck, head, or back
Sensation: Numbness, tingling, or loss of sensation in the hands, fingers, feet, or toes
Movement: Weakness, incoordination, or loss of movement in any part of the body
Bladder and bowel control: Loss of bladder or bowel control
Breathing: Difficulty breathing
Balance: Trouble with balance and walking
Skin: Tenderness and/or bruising in the skin over the spine
Spine: An irregular shape or twist in the normal curve of the spine
Unusual sensations: Abnormal sensations, for example, burning or tingling
Lumps: Unusual lumps on the head or spine

147
Q

First Aid: Neck and Spine Injuries Treatment

A

If you suspect a neck or spine injury, the most important first aid action is to keep the person completely still, supporting their head and neck in the position you found them in, and call emergency services immediately; do not move them unless absolutely necessary and only with extreme caution to prevent further damage to the spinal cord.

148
Q

Eye Injury Treatment

A

Best NOT to provide treatment
gently draw upper lid to lower
or
Use thumb and pointer and grasp upper lid and gently raise it
Tilt head toward injured side and look down
Flush with water
Apply a dry, sterile dressing and get medical help
Blows to the eyes: black eyes is internal bleeding and torn issues
Keep victim laying flat, use eye-shield/sterile dressings
Penetrating injuries: if that occurs, it cuts the tissues and is VERY dangerous
If object is protuding from eye, do NOT attempt to remove
Support it loosely and apply dressings
Use a cup with a hole to stabilize object
Apply dressings to both eyes to prevent involuntary movement
Keep on back to prevent fluids from draining

149
Q

Ear Injuries Treatment

A

Apply sterile dressings with light pressure to control bleeding
Save any torn tissue and wrap it in gauze moistened with sterile water or sterile saline. Put in bag and send with patient to hospital
Keep patient laying down, elevating head
If eardrum is ruptured, loosely wrap sterile gauze around outer ear canal
Do NOT let patient hit head or add any liquids in ear

150
Q

Head/Skull Injuries Treatment

A

keep the person still, monitor their breathing and alertness, apply pressure to any bleeding wounds (unless you suspect a skull fracture), and call emergency services immediately if there are signs of serious injury, such as loss of consciousness, confusion, or severe bleeding; do not move the person unless absolutely necessary and always support their head and neck when moving them
do NOT give victim any liqud

151
Q

Nosebleed Treatment

A

Stay calm and lean forward while sitting or standing
Pinch your nose just above your nostrils for up to 15 minutes
Don’t stuff tissues or other material into your nose
Seek emergency help if the bleeding is excessive, lasts longer than 30 minutes, or occurs after a fall or accident

152
Q

Broken Nose Treatment

A

Apply a cold compress or ice pack to your nose for 10 to 15 minutes at a time, several times a day
Take over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil), or naproxen sodium (Aleve)
Keep your head elevated, especially when sleeping
Limit activities, especially sports, for at least two weeks after treatment

153
Q

Nose with minor cuts and wounds treatment

A

Apply an antiseptic lotion or cream
Cover the area with a bandage or gauze pad
Check the area daily and keep it clean and dry
Avoid blowing on the abrasion

154
Q

Chest Injuries Treatment

A

Penetrating: Do not remove object, stabilize with dressing, call EMS.
Crushing: Call EMS, monitor breathing, stabilize chest.

155
Q

Abdominal Injuries Treatment

A

Resting: Have the person lie down with their knees bent and loosen any tight clothing
Covering wounds: Use a clean bandage soaked in warm water or cling film to cover any wounds
Controlling bleeding: Hold the edges of the wound together to help stop bleeding
Monitoring vital signs: Check for signs of shock, such as weakness, lightheadedness, or feeling about to faint
Seeking medical assistance: Call emergency services and provide complete medical information about the victim
Avoiding food and drink: Do not let the person eat, drink, or smoke
Treating protruding organs: If organs are protruding, cover them with a moist, sterile dressing made of non-adhesive material
Leaving foreign objects in place: Do not try to remove foreign objects or piercing weapons

156
Q

Genital Injuries

A

apply direct pressure with a clean cloth to stop any bleeding, gently clean the wound with soap and water, apply an antibiotic ointment, and use a cold compress to reduce swelling and pain; seek medical attention if the bleeding is severe, there is significant pain or swelling, or you suspect a serious injury like a laceration or damage to the urethra.

157
Q

Heart Attack Treatment

A

Call emergency services: Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately.
Help the person sit down: Have them rest in a comfortable position, such as sitting on the floor and leaning against a wall or chair.
Loosen tight clothing: This can help with breathing.
Check for chest pain medicine: If the person has a known heart condition and takes chest pain medicine, such as nitroglycerin, help them take it.
Give aspirin: If the person is awake, can understand simple commands, and can chew or swallow, you can help them take two to four low-dose (81-mg) aspirin tablets or one regular-strength (325-mg) aspirin tablet. Do not give aspirin to someone under 16 or if they are allergic to it.
Monitor the person: Stay with them until emergency services arrive and watch for changes in their condition.
Begin CPR: If the person is unconscious and unresponsive, and not breathing or does not have a pulse, begin CPR. If you’re trained in CPR, start with 30 chest compressions before giving two rescue breaths. If you’re untrained in CPR, do hands-only CPR by pushing hard and fast on the person’s chest.
Use an AED: If an automated external defibrillator (AED) is available, follow the instructions on the device.

158
Q

Stroke Treatment

A

Call emergency services: Call 911 or your local emergency services immediately.
Help the person lie down: If the person is conscious, help them lie on their side with their head slightly raised.
Loosen tight clothing: Remove any restrictive clothing that could make breathing difficult.
Check for breathing: If the person is unconscious, check their breathing and pulse. If they are not breathing or do not have a pulse, start CPR immediately.
Monitor the person: Stay calm and monitor the person until emergency help arrives. Be prepared to tell the emergency operator about their symptoms and when they started.
Note any medications: Make a note of any medications the person is taking or carry a prescription.

159
Q

Heart Attack Symptoms

A

Chest pain or discomfort. …
Feeling weak, light-headed, or faint.
Pain or discomfort in the jaw, neck, or back.
Pain or discomfort in one or both arms or shoulders.
Shortness of breath.

160
Q

Stroke Symptoms

A

FAST
Face drooping
Arms tingling or numb
Slurred Speech
Time to call 911

161
Q

Fainting Symptoms

A

sweating, weakness, dizziness, light-headedness.
shortness of breath.
vision changes, blurred or faded vision, seeing spots or lights.
nausea, vomiting, stomach-ache.
pale face, cool and moist skin.
numbness, tingling.
anxiety, restlessness.

162
Q

Fainting Treatment

A

lay them on their back, elevate their legs above their heart level, loosen tight clothing, and monitor their breathing; if they are not breathing or unconscious, call emergency services and begin CPR immediately.

163
Q

Convulsions (Seizures)

A

Movement: Jerking or twitching of the arms and legs, stiffening, or floppiness
Loss of consciousness: A sudden change in awareness or full loss of consciousness
Breathing: Difficulty breathing
Other symptoms: Foaming at the mouth, eye rolling, unusual tastes, unusual sensations or thoughts, changes in thinking or emotions, such as fear, anxiety, or deja vu
Skin color: Going pale or bluish in skin color
Waking up: After a seizure, a person may take 10 to 15 minutes to wake up properly and may be irritable or appear not to recognize you

164
Q

Convulsions (Seizures) Treatment

A

Stay calm and stay with the person: Do not leave them alone during a seizure.
Protect from injury: Clear the area around them of any potential hazards.
Position on side: Once the convulsions stop, gently roll them onto their side to prevent choking on saliva.
Head protection: Place a soft object like a jacket under their head.
Loosen clothing: Remove glasses and loosen tight clothing around the neck.
Do not put anything in their mouth: This is a common misconception and can cause harm.
Time the seizure: Note the time the seizure starts and ends to monitor its duration.
Seek medical attention: Call emergency services if the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes, is accompanied by severe injuries, or if it is the person’s first seizure

165
Q

Hyperglycemia or Diabetic Coma

A

an excess of glucose in the bloodstream, often associated with diabetes mellitus.

166
Q

Hyperglycemia or Diabetic Coma Symptoms

A

Feeling or being sick
Abdominal pain
Rapid, deep breathing
Signs of dehydration, such as headache, dry skin, and a weak, rapid heartbeat
Difficulty staying awake
Ongoing diarrhea or vomiting, and you can’t keep any food or fluids down
Fruity-smelling breath
Loss of consciousness

167
Q

Hyperglycemia or Diabetic Coma Treatment

A

can be treated with insulin

168
Q

Hypoglycemia or Insulin Shock

A

a condition where your blood sugar level is lower than what’s healthy for you.

169
Q

Hypoglycemia or Insulin Shock Symptoms

A

clammy skin.
sweating.
feel drowsy and confused.
feel faint.
be unresponsive.

170
Q

Hypoglycemia or Insulin Shock Treatment

A

giving the person something to eat or drink that contains sugar:
15-15 rule
For mild to moderate hypoglycemia, the American Diabetes Association recommends the “15-15 rule”:
Eat or drink 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates.
Check blood sugar after 15 minutes.
If blood sugar is still below 70 mg/dL, repeat the steps.
Glucose tablets
If the person can swallow and follow simple commands, you can give them 15 to 20 grams of glucose tablets.
Other sugary foods and drinks
If glucose tablets aren’t available, you can give the person:
Glucose gel
Honey or sugar
Fruit juice
Sugary drinks, but avoid diet, low-cal, zero, or sugar free beverages
Mentos
Skittles
Jelly beans
For children
If the child is having trouble swallowing, you can give them a slurry of sugar and water to dissolve under their tongue.
After treatment
Have the person eat a healthy snack or meal to help prevent another drop in blood sugar.

171
Q

Snake Bite (Dos and Don’ts)

A

Dos: Keep victim calm, immobilize limb, keep bite area below heart level.
Don’ts: Do not apply ice, do not cut or suck the wound.

172
Q

Advanced Airway Ventilation Rate

A

1 breath every 6 seconds, compressions do not stop or pause for breaths. The breaths and the compressions happen at the same time only when advanced airway is in place.

173
Q

Types of Advanced Airway

A

Endotracheal tubes (ET tubes), supraglottic airway devices (like the laryngeal mask airway (LMA)), and esophageal-tracheal tubes (like the Combitube)

174
Q

Burn Percentage

A

Head and Neck =9%, Chest and upper back= 9% each, Arm = 9% each, Abdomen and lower back = 9% each, Leg = 18% each, Genital Area= 1%

175
Q

Eye washing Direction

A

Flush from inner cornerr outward to prevent spreading

176
Q

Heart Anatomy
Atria:
Vencticles:
Valves:
Coronary Arteries:

A

Atria (upper chambers): Receive blood.
Ventricles (lower chambers): Pump blood out.
Valves: Prevent backflow.
Coronary Arteries: Supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood.

177
Q

Normal Heart Rhythm

A

Regular, steady pulse (60-100 bpm for adults)

178
Q

Abnormal Heart Rhythm

A

Irregular beats, tachycardia (fast), bradycardia (slow), or fibrillation (uncoordinated).

179
Q

Position of Child Pads (AED)

A

Placement: One pad on the center of the chest and one on the back if pads are too large to fit on the chest without overlap.

180
Q

Advanced Airway

A

CPR Ratio: For a patient with an advanced airway in place, give 1 breath every 6 seconds while performing continuous chest compressions (rate of 100-120 per minute).

181
Q

Steps for Managing External Bleeding

A

Apply direct pressure with a sterile cloth or dressing.
Elevate the affected area (if no fractures are suspected).
Apply a pressure bandage if needed.
If severe bleeding persists, use a tourniquet as a last resort.

182
Q

First Aid for Faint Victim

A

Lay the victim flat on their back.
Elevate legs 12 inches to improve blood flow to the brain.
Loosen tight clothing around the neck and waist.
Monitor for responsiveness and call EMS if the victim does not regain consciousness quickly.

183
Q

What is a Convulsion?

A

Type of seizure, strong involuntary contraction of muscle

184
Q

2 types of pneumatic splints

A

Air splint- air pressure used to inflate the splint
Vaccum pneumatic- are deriated after being positioned over fracture

185
Q

A stroke is also called

A

Cerebrovascular accident

186
Q

What is the most dangerous types of injuries to bones and joints?

A

Neck or spine

187
Q

What are foreign object?

A

Dust, dirt, and similar small particles that frequently enter the eye

188
Q

What are 3 other ways a heart attack can be called?

A

Coronary thrombosis
Coronary occlusion
Myocardial infarction

189
Q

When does fainting occur?

A

When temporary reduction in the supply of blood to the brain

190
Q

What is a diabetic coma caused by?

A

Increase in level of glucose in bloodstream

191
Q

What is an insulin shock caused by?

A

By an excess amount of insulin and low level or glucose in bloodstream

192
Q

Respiration rate for adult

A

12-16

193
Q

Respiration rate for infant

A

30-60

194
Q

respiration rate for children

A

16-30

195
Q

Poisoning Ingestion Treatment

A

Call Poison Control Center
Save Label
Estimate Amount
If vomit occurs, sav some
If Poison Control Center instructs to induce vomit, itckle back of throat or give victim warm salt water (cannot be unconsious)

196
Q

Poisoning Contact Treatment

A

Wash with water for 15-20 mins to dilute
Remove clothes/jewelry
Call Poison Control Center
Obtain medical help asap if burns occur

197
Q

Poison Plant Treatment

A

Wash area with soap and water
If reaction occurs 2-3 days after, calamine(itching medication) may help
If the reaction becomes more severe, call medical help

198
Q

Poison Inhalation Treatment

A

Remove from area
Take deep breath of fresh air
Check for breathing
Provide artifical breathing if needed
Death may occur very quickly, so obtain medical help asap

199
Q

Poison Injection Treatment

A

Remove stinger by scraping it with a dull object like fingernail or credit card(do not use tweezers because it could puncture the stinger and release more venom)
Wash area with soap and water
Apply sterile dressing and cold pack to reduce swelling

200
Q

Superficial or partial thick-ness burn treatments

A

Cool the burn and cool water NOT iced
Blot(dry) with sterile guaze (if you can) non-stick dressing
Elevate burn if you can
DO NOT POP ANY BLISTERS

201
Q

When to get medical help on superficial or partial thickness burn

A

More than 15% on an adult
More than 10% on a child
Victim has difficulty breathing

202
Q

Partial/ Full thickness burn treatments

A

Call all medical help asap
Use thick and sterile dressings
DO NOT REMOVE ANY CLOTHES
If limbs are affected, elevate them
If face/head is affected or having trouble breathing, elevate head
Watch for shock and treat accordingly

203
Q

Splints important info

A

There are inflatable splints, padded boards, and traction splints
Splints should be long enough to immobilize above and below injury
Splints should be padded, especially at bony areas
Splints should NOT put pressure directly over the injury site
After splint is applied, note circulation and nerve endings; make sure it’s not too tight

204
Q

Slings important info

A

Slings needs to position hand above/higher than elbow
Circulation must be checked frequently
Try not to move injury too much

205
Q

Clear or blood tinged fluid can be a sign of what

A

Skull or brain injury, allow fluid to flow from the air

206
Q

Head/skull injury symptoms

A

Cerebrospinal fluid, loss of consciousness, headache, pupil unequa in size etc.

207
Q

Sucking chest wound definition and how to treat it

A

Deep, open chest wound that allows air flow directly in and out with breathing
The partial vaccum normally in the pleura is gone and causes lungs to collapse
Air tight dresssing must be place over the wound
Tape/bandage can hold down 3 sides
4th side is left loose to allow air to escape when exhaling
maintain an open airway
If possible, lay victim o ninjured side and elevate head/chest slightly, this helps the injured lungs expand freely and prevents it from blood and damaged tissue

208
Q

what hormone causes stress reaction

A

cortisol

209
Q

what drug to take with heart attack

A

Aspirin: Reduces blood clotting
Nitroglycerin: Relaxes heart arteries to improve blood flow
Clot-busting drugs: Also known as thrombolytics, these drugs dissolve clots that block blood flow to the heart
Blood thinners: Prevent more clots from forming in arteries leading to the heart or lungs
Morphine: A common pain medication used to relieve chest pain
Beta blockers: Slow down the heart rate to help it recover from the heart attack
Antihypertensives: Decrease blood pressure to help the heart recover
Statins

210
Q

What are the position of child pads

A

A. Standard Placement (Preferred):
One pad on the center of the chest, just below the collarbone.
One pad on the back, between the shoulder blades.
This is often called the anterior-posterior placement and prevents the pads from touching.
B. Alternative (Anterior-Lateral) Placement:
If instructed by the AED or the pads are designed for this placement:
Place one pad on the right side of the chest, just below the collarbone.
Place the other pad on the left side of the chest, slightly below the armpit.

211
Q

What body burn percentage needed for child to seek medical attention

A

10

212
Q

What body burn percentage needed for adult to seek medical attention

A

15

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