BLS/ CPR EXAM Flashcards
(212 cards)
1
Q
Anaphylactic Shock Symptoms
A
Difficulty breathing
Swelling of the face, throat, or tongue
Hives or rash
Rapid, weak pulse
Low blood pressure
Dizziness or fainting
2
Q
Anaphylactic Shock Treatment
A
Administer epinephrine (EpiPen) if available.
Call 911 immediately.
Keep the person calm and in a comfortable position.
Monitor breathing and be prepared to perform CPR if necessary.
3
Q
Cardiogenic Shock Symptoms
A
Rapid breathing
Weak, irregular pulse
Chest pain
Sweating
Cool, clammy skin
Low blood pressure
4
Q
Cardiogenic Shock Treatment
A
Call 911 immediately.
Keep the person in a semi-sitting position to ease breathing.
Administer oxygen (if trained and available).
Monitor for cardiac arrest and be prepared to perform CPR.
5
Q
Hemorrhagic Shock Symptoms
A
Rapid, weak pulse
Pale, cool, clammy skin
Rapid breathing
Dizziness or confusion
Low blood pressure
6
Q
Hemorrhagic Shock Treatment
A
Stop the bleeding by applying firm pressure.
Elevate legs to improve circulation to vital organs (if no spinal injury).
Call 911 immediately.
Keep the person warm and calm.
7
Q
Neurogenic Shock Symptoms
A
Warm, dry skin
Low blood pressure
Slow pulse
Paralysis or loss of sensation below the injury
8
Q
Neurogenic Shock Treatment
A
Call 911 immediately.
Immobilize the spine to prevent further injury.
Keep the person warm and monitor their breathing.
9
Q
Psychogenic Shock Symptoms
A
Sudden dizziness or lightheadedness
Pale, cool skin
Brief loss of consciousness
10
Q
Psychogenic Shock Treatment
A
Lay the person flat with legs elevated to improve blood flow.
Check for injuries from the fall.
Monitor vital signs and ensure they regain full consciousness.
11
Q
Respiratory Shock Symptoms
A
Difficulty breathing
Cyanosis (bluish skin or lips)
Rapid pulse
Altered mental state
12
Q
Respiratory Shock Treatment
A
Call 911 immediately.
Ensure the airway is clear.
Provide oxygen if trained and available.
Be ready to perform CPR if breathing stops.
13
Q
Septic Shock Symptoms
A
Fever or abnormally low body temperature
Warm, flushed skin early, progressing to cool, pale skin
Rapid, weak pulse
Altered mental state
Low blood pressure
14
Q
Septic Shock Treatment
A
Call 911 immediately.
Keep the person warm and calm.
Administer oxygen if trained and available.
15
Q
Metabolic Shock Symptoms
A
Rapid breathing
Weak pulse
Low blood pressure
Altered mental state
Cool, clammy skin
16
Q
Metabolic Shock Treatment
A
Call 911 if severe.
Rehydrate with fluids if the person is conscious and able to drink.
Treat underlying causes (e.g., address vomiting or diarrhea).
17
Q
Anaphylactic Shock Causes
A
Severe allergic reaction (e.g., to food, medication, insect stings).
18
Q
Cardiogenic Shock Causes
A
The heart cannot pump enough blood ( e.g., after a heart attack)
19
Q
Hemorrhagic Shock Causes
A
Severe blood loss ( external or internal bleeding)
20
Q
Neurogenic Shock Causes
A
Damage to the spinal cord, disrupting the nervous system’s control over blood vessels.
21
Q
Psychogenic Shock Causes
A
Emotional distress or sudden trauma causing temporary blood flow reduction to the brain (fainting).
22
Q
Repsiratory Shock Causes
A
Insufficient oxygen in the bloodstream due to a respiratory issue (e.g., airway obstruction, lung injury).
23
Q
Septic Shock Causes
A
Sever infection causing a systemic inflammatory response and low blood pressure.
24
Q
Metabolic Shock Causes
A
Loss of body fluids due to severe vomiting, diarrhea, or dehydration.
25
Pediatric In- Hospital Chain of Survival
Early Recognition and Prevention
Activation of Emergency Response
High Quality CPR
Advance Resuscitation
Post-Cardiac Arrest Care
Recovery
26
Pediatric Out-of-Hospital Chain of Survival
Prevention
Activation of Emergency Response
High-Quality CPR
Advanced Resuscitation
Post-Cardiac Arrest Care
Recovery
27
Adult In-Hospital Chain of Survival
Early Recognition and Prevention
Activation of Emergency Response
High-Quality CPR
Defibrillation
Post-Cardiac Arrest Care
Recovery
28
Adult Out-of- Hospital Chain of Survival
Activation of Emergency Response
High-Quality CPR
Defibrillation
Advanced Resuscitation
Post-Cardiac Arrest Care
Recovery
29
What is the proper depth for chest compressions for an infant?
4cm or 1.5 in
30
Five sections of the spine
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
31
After taking the epi pen out of the victims thigh, how long do you rub the leg?
10 seconds
32
If you cannot wash your hands right away, its ok to use ____
hand sanitizer
33
Best place to go for a tooth injury
Dentist
34
Sprain
injury to the tissue surrounding a joint
35
The major bone in the ankle
Talus
36
How might someone with low blood sugar act or react
Might be nervous, irritable, or confused
37
How should you remove a stinger from someone who has been stung by a bee?
Scrape away the stinger and venom sac by using something dull, like a credit card
38
What are good examples of what to give someone with log blood sugar?
Gatorade and a packet of sugar
39
When upper spine has exaggerated forward curve
Kyphotic spine
40
A ____ is a material used to protect or cover an injured body part and may also help to keep pressure on the wound.
Bandage
41
The four muscles of the rotator cuff
Subscapularis, subraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor
42
How many curves in the spine
5
43
A combination of three different knee injuries that often occur together and include an ACL tear, meniscus tear, and MCL tear.
The unhappy Triad
44
The cartilage that absorbs shock in your knee joint
Meniscus
45
How long should you wash your hands?
At least 20 seconds.
46
When administering an epinephrine pen, how long do you hold the pen in place?
10 seconds
47
What does the BLS sequence of steps CAB stand for?
Chest compressions, Airway, Breathing
48
Abnormal electrical activity in the brain
Seizure
49
Exaggerated lumbar curve
Lordosis of the spine
50
How should you help someone who is suffering from a heat illness?
Get them out of the heat and cool them down by putting cool water on their neck and skin
51
What does the actonym MCL stand for
Medial Collateral Ligament
52
_____ develops when there is not enough blood flowing to the cells of the body.
Shock
53
Some reasons for low blood sugar are
Taking certain medications, diabetes, drinking alcohol
54
When is it ok to hang up with a 911 dispatcher?
When the dispatcher tells you it is ok to hang up
55
Proper name for kneecap
Patella
56
The four ligaments in the knee
ACL, PCL, LCL, MCL
57
For a small burn, run _____ over the burn area.
Cool water
58
If someone is bitten by a snake, should you suck the venom out?
No
59
If you have a nose bleed, you should lean ______.
Forward
60
Fibrous cords of tissue that attach muscles to bone
Tendon
61
Someone who has been bitten or stung by an insect may have an allergic reaction and should be watched for at least ____ minutes
30 minutes
62
Heel bone
Calcaneus
63
Where on the nose do you press if someone is having a nose bleed
Press both sides of nostrils
64
Strain
overstretching of a muslce
65
Until a health care provider can remove it, what should you do with a sharp object, such as a knife, that penetrates the body?
Leave it in until a healthcare provider can remove it
66
When applying ice to a sprained ankle, apply the ice _______
directly to the injured area.
67
How should you remove a tick?
By using tweezers
68
RICE stands for what?
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
69
What does the acronym ACL stand for?
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
70
_____ occurs when blood stops flowing to part of the brain
Stroke
71
Lower Leg Bone
Fibula
72
What does the acronym LCL stand for?
Lateral Collateral Ligament
73
The fibrous band of connective tissue that joins bone with bone
Ligament
74
If after applying more bandages and pplying more pressure, the bleeding still does not stop, you can use a _______
Tourniquet
75
Best place to keep a tooth that needs to be put back in while you are heading to get help
Cup of milk
76
What is First Aid
Immediate care that is given to the victim of an injury or illness until experts can take over
77
Hemorrhage
bleeding, usually involving a large amount of blood loss in a short period of time.
78
Hypothermia
Medical emergency that occurs when a person's body temperature drops below 95°F (35°C).
79
Incision
A clean straight cut in the skin caused by a sharp object like a knife or glass.
80
Infection
Germs invade and grow in the body
81
Insulin Shock
A diabetic emergency that occurs when blood sugar drops too low, causing the body to shut down
82
Laceration
Wound in the skin caused by tearing, stretching, or shearing forces. Often irregular and jagged and can be caused by sharp or blunt trauma.
83
Poisoning
Medical condition that occurs when a person is exposed to a harmful substance, such as a chemical, drug, venom, or gas.
84
Puncture
Wound made by a sharp or pointed object that penetrates the skin and tissue.
85
Shock
Life- threatening medical emergency that occurs when the body's organs and tissues aren't getting enough oxygen and nutrients to function properly
86
Triage
Medical process that prioritizes patients for emergency care based on their need for treatment and the availability of resources.
87
Wound
A break in the skin or other body tissues caused by an injury or surgical incision
88
Abrasion
Superficial wound caused by scaping the skin.
89
Abrasion Causes
Falls or friction with a rough surface
90
Abrasion symptoms
Raw, red surface; possible minor bleeding.
91
Abrasion Treatment
Clean with soap and water, apply antibiotic ointment, cover with sterile dressing.
92
Incision causes
Knife, glass, sharp objects
93
Incision treatment
Control bleeding, clean the wound, and close with sutures if deep.
94
Laceration treatment
Properly clean the wound. Remove all dirt and debris by first running cool water over the area, and then clean with a sterile cloth, warm water, and mild soap. Apply antibiotic ointment, and then cover the wound area with a sterile gauze bandage and first-aid tape
95
Puncture Treatment
Wash your hands. This helps prevent infection.
Stop the bleeding. Apply gentle pressure with a clean bandage or cloth.
Clean the wound. Rinse the wound with clear water for 5 to 10 minutes. ...
Apply an ointment. ...
Cover the wound. ...
Change the dressing. ...
Watch for signs of infection.
96
Avulsion
Skin or tissue is forcibly torn away
97
Avulsion Treatment
Control bleeding: Apply direct pressure to the wound with a clean cloth or gauze to stop the bleeding.
Clean the wound: Rinse the area with clean water or saline solution to remove debris.
Preserve detached tissue: If a large piece of skin is torn away, try to gently clean it and bring it with you to the hospital.
Apply dressing: Cover the wound with a sterile bandage and apply antibiotic ointment to prevent infection.
Elevate the area: Raise the injured limb above the heart level to reduce swelling.
Seek medical attention: Contact a healthcare professional immediately if the wound is severe, involves large tissue loss, or shows signs of infection.
98
Greenstick Fracture
Incomplete fracture where the bone bends or partially cracks
99
Greenstick Fracture is common in ______
Children
100
Greenstick Fracture Treatment
First aid treatment for a greenstick fracture involves immobilizing the affected limb with a splint or sling to prevent further damage, applying ice to reduce swelling, and seeking immediate medical attention as the injury still requires proper diagnosis and management by a doctor
101
Closed/Simple Fracture
Bone is broken but does not pierce the skin
102
Closed/Simple Fracture treatment
immobilizing the affected area by applying a splint or padding to support the broken bone, keeping the injured limb still, applying cold packs to reduce swelling, and seeking immediate medical attention; do not attempt to straighten or manipulate the broken bone yourself
103
Compound/Open Fracture
Bone breaks through the skin
104
Compound/ Open Fracture Treatment
control any bleeding by applying direct pressure with a clean dressing over the wound, cover the exposed bone with a sterile dressing, immobilize the affected area with a splint, and call for immediate medical attention; do not attempt to reposition the bone, and keep the injured person still to minimize further damage
105
Impacted Fracture
Bone ends are forced together by pressure
106
Impacted fracture treatment
immobilize the affected area with a splint or padding, keeping the injured limb as still as possible while waiting for medical attention; do not attempt to reposition the bone, and always prioritize controlling any bleeding if present, then apply ice to reduce swelling and pain.
107
Comminuted Fracture
Bone is shattered into multiple fragments
108
Comminuted Fracture Treatment
immobilize the affected area by applying a splint, keeping the injured person still, applying ice to reduce swelling, and seeking immediate medical attention as this type of fracture typically requires surgery to properly align the broken bone fragments; do not attempt to straighten the bone yourself and be cautious not to move the injured area excessively
109
First Degree Burn (Superficial)
only affects the epidermis, or outer layer of skin
110
First Degree Burn Symptoms
Red, dry skin, mild pain.
111
First Degree Burn Treatment
Immediately immerse the burn in cool tap water or apply cold, wet compresses. Do this for about 10 minutes or until the pain subsides. Apply petroleum jelly two to three times daily. Do not apply ointments, toothpaste or butter to the burn, as these may cause an infection.
112
Second Degree Burn (Partial Thickness)
Affects the epidermis and the layer underneath (dermis).
113
Second Degree Burn Symptoms
Blisters, swelling, severe pain.
114
Second Degree Burn Treatment
immediately cool the area with cool running water for 10-20 minutes, gently pat it dry, apply a thin layer of antibiotic ointment, cover with a clean, non-stick bandage, and elevate the affected area if possible; seek medical attention if the burn is large, covers a sensitive area, or shows signs of infection; avoid popping blisters and use over-the-counter pain medication as needed.
115
Third Degree Burn (Full Thickness)
Affects all three skin layers: epidermis, dermis, and fat.
116
Third Degree Burn Symptoms
White/charred skin, no pain (nerve damage)
117
Third Degree Burn Treatment
Call 911 or go immediately to the nearest hospital.
Do not remove clothing stuck to the burn.
Do not soak the burned area in water.
Cover the burn with a cool clean cloth or bandage.
Keep the burn raise above the level of the heart.
118
Fourth Degree Burn
Penetrates all layers of the skin and can affect the underlying muscles, tendons, and bones.
119
Fourth Degree Burn Symptoms
Charred or blackened skin.
Deep tissue damage.
Numbness or loss of sensation.
Severe pain or discomfort.
Swelling or inflammation.
Infection or sepsis.
Hypovolemia or shock.
Respiratory distress or failure.
120
Fourth Degree Burn Treatment
Call 911 IMMEDIATELY
Protect the person: Move the person away from the source of the burn, if possible. If the burn is electrical, turn off the power.
Check breathing: Make sure the person is breathing. If they aren't, perform rescue breathing if you are trained.
Cover the burn: Loosely cover the burn with a clean cloth or gauze.
Raise the burn: If possible, lift the burned area above the heart.
Watch for shock: Look for signs of shock, such as cool, clammy skin, shallow breathing, and a weak pulse.
121
Chemical Burns on Skin Treatment
Flush with water for at least 20 minutes, remove contaminated clothing, and seek medical attention if the burn is severe or involves a large area of skin
122
Chemical Burn on Eye(s) Treatment
flush your eye with a gentle stream of clean water for at least 20 minutes, holding your eyelids open to ensure thorough rinsing; remove any contact lenses first, and seek immediate medical attention, informing the healthcare provider about the specific chemical involved.
123
Heat Cramps
painful muscle spasms that occur when your body is too hot, often during or after intense exercise in a hot environment.
124
Heat Cramps Symptoms
Muscle pain/spasms, sweating.
125
Heat Cramps Treatment
Move to a cool place, drink water with electrolytes, stretch muscles gently.
126
Heat Exhaustion
Heat exhaustion is a milder heat-related illness that occurs when the body loses too much water and salt through sweat due to exposure to high heat or strenuous physical activity
127
Heat Exhaustion Symptoms
Heave sweating, weakness, dizziness, nausea, weak rapid pluse,
128
Heat Exhaustion Treatment
Move to a cooler place: Get the person out of the heat and into a shaded area or air-conditioned room.
Remove clothing: Loosen or remove any unnecessary clothing, especially shoes and socks.
Cool down: Apply cool, wet cloths or a cold-water spray to the skin. You can also have the person take a cool shower or bath.
Hydrate: Give the person water or an isotonic sports drink to sip on. Avoid caffeine and alcohol.
Check vital signs: Check the person's breathing, pulse, and responsiveness.
Monitor temperature: If possible, take the person's temperature and continue to check it every few minutes. Once it's down to 100°F (37.8°C), you can stop cooling them down.
Seek medical attention: If the person vomits more than once, their symptoms worsen, or they last longer than an hour, seek immediate medical attention. You should also call 911 if medical care is unavailable.
129
Heat Stroke
life-threatening condition in which heat overwhelms your body's ability to manage its temperature
130
Heat Stroke Symptoms
Mental changes: Confusion, delirium, or unconsciousness
Skin: Hot, red, and dry skin, even under the armpits
Body temperature: A rectal temperature over 104° F (40°C)
Other symptoms: Throbbing headache, nausea, dizziness, fainting, rapid and strong pulse, muscle cramps, dehydration, thirst, and reduced or dark urine output
131
Heat Stroke Treatment
Call 911
Put the person in a cool tub of water or a cool shower.
Spray the person with a garden hose.
Sponge the person with cool water.
Fan the person while misting with cool water.
Place ice packs or cool, wet towels on the neck, armpits and groin.
Cover the person with cool, damp sheets.
If the person is conscious, offer chilled water, a sports drink containing electrolytes or another nonalcoholic beverage without caffeine.
Begin CPR if the person loses consciousness and shows no signs of circulation, such as breathing, coughing or movement.
Avoid aspirin or acetaminophen: Do not give aspirin or acetaminophen to reduce a high body temperature.
132
Hypothermia
dangerously low body temperature, below 95°F (35°C).
133
Hypothermia Symptoms
Shivering.
Slurred speech or mumbling.
Slow, shallow breathing.
Weak pulse.
Clumsiness or lack of coordination.
Drowsiness or very low energy.
Confusion or memory loss.
Loss of consciousness.
134
Hypothermia Treatment
Moving them to a warm place: Gently move the person to a sheltered area, such as indoors. If going inside isn't possible, protect them from the wind, especially around their head and neck.
Removing wet clothing: Take off any wet clothing and replace it with dry, warm clothing or blankets.
Warming the person: Gradually warm the person's core, such as their chest, neck, head, and groin. You can use an electric blanket, warm compresses, or a hot water bottle wrapped in a towel. You can also try skin-to-skin contact with the person.
Monitoring breathing and circulation: Check the person's breathing and circulation.
Giving warm drinks and food: Offer the person warm, nonalcoholic, sweet drinks and high-energy foods, like chocolate.
Calling emergency services: Call emergency services or 9-1-1.
Performing CPR: If the person is unresponsive or not breathing normally, perform CPR.
135
Frostbite
injury to body tissues caused by exposure to extreme cold, typically affecting the nose, fingers, or toes and sometimes resulting in gangrene (a serious condition that occurs when body tissue dies due to a lack of blood supply or a bacterial infection).
136
Gangrene
a serious condition that occurs when body tissue dies due to a lack of blood supply or a bacterial infection.
137
Frostbite Symptoms
Pale, cold skin, numbness, stiffness.
138
Frostbite Treatment
Moving them to a warm place: Get them out of the cold and wind.
Gently warming the area: Soak the affected area in warm water (100–105°F) for 20–30 minutes, or apply a warm cloth to the nose, ears, or cheeks. You can also try warming the affected area with your body heat, like tucking frostbitten fingers under your armpit.
Bandaging the area: Use dry, sterile dressings to loosely bandage the area. If the affected area is fingers or toes, separate them with sterile gauze.
Preventing refreezing: Keep the person warm and avoid exposing the affected area to direct heat.
Seeking medical care: Seek professional medical care as soon as possible
139
Sprain Symptoms
Swelling, bruising, limited movement.
140
Sprain Treatment
R.I.C.E (Rest, Ice, Compress, Elevate)
141
Strain Symptoms
Muscle Pain, weakness, swelling
142
Strain Treatment
R.I.C.E., over the counter pain relief
143
Splint
hold an injured body part stable, preventing further damage by immobilizing it, which helps reduce pain and allows the injury to heal properly until medical attention can be received
144
Slings
A sling is a device used to support and keep still (immobilize) an injured part of the body. Slings can be used for many different injuries. They are most often used when you have a broken (fractured) or dislocated arm, elbow, collarbone, or shoulder
145
Sling vs Splint
Sling is a bandage that supports an injured part, while a splint is a short term treatment that holds bones and joints in place using any flexible object
146
First Aid: Neck and Spine Injuries
Symptoms
Pain: Pain or pressure in the neck, head, or back
Sensation: Numbness, tingling, or loss of sensation in the hands, fingers, feet, or toes
Movement: Weakness, incoordination, or loss of movement in any part of the body
Bladder and bowel control: Loss of bladder or bowel control
Breathing: Difficulty breathing
Balance: Trouble with balance and walking
Skin: Tenderness and/or bruising in the skin over the spine
Spine: An irregular shape or twist in the normal curve of the spine
Unusual sensations: Abnormal sensations, for example, burning or tingling
Lumps: Unusual lumps on the head or spine
147
First Aid: Neck and Spine Injuries Treatment
If you suspect a neck or spine injury, the most important first aid action is to keep the person completely still, supporting their head and neck in the position you found them in, and call emergency services immediately; do not move them unless absolutely necessary and only with extreme caution to prevent further damage to the spinal cord.
148
Eye Injury Treatment
Best NOT to provide treatment
gently draw upper lid to lower
or
Use thumb and pointer and grasp upper lid and gently raise it
Tilt head toward injured side and look down
Flush with water
Apply a dry, sterile dressing and get medical help
Blows to the eyes: black eyes is internal bleeding and torn issues
Keep victim laying flat, use eye-shield/sterile dressings
Penetrating injuries: if that occurs, it cuts the tissues and is VERY dangerous
If object is protuding from eye, do NOT attempt to remove
Support it loosely and apply dressings
Use a cup with a hole to stabilize object
Apply dressings to both eyes to prevent involuntary movement
Keep on back to prevent fluids from draining
149
Ear Injuries Treatment
Apply sterile dressings with light pressure to control bleeding
Save any torn tissue and wrap it in gauze moistened with sterile water or sterile saline. Put in bag and send with patient to hospital
Keep patient laying down, elevating head
If eardrum is ruptured, loosely wrap sterile gauze around outer ear canal
Do NOT let patient hit head or add any liquids in ear
150
Head/Skull Injuries Treatment
keep the person still, monitor their breathing and alertness, apply pressure to any bleeding wounds (unless you suspect a skull fracture), and call emergency services immediately if there are signs of serious injury, such as loss of consciousness, confusion, or severe bleeding; do not move the person unless absolutely necessary and always support their head and neck when moving them
do NOT give victim any liqud
151
Nosebleed Treatment
Stay calm and lean forward while sitting or standing
Pinch your nose just above your nostrils for up to 15 minutes
Don't stuff tissues or other material into your nose
Seek emergency help if the bleeding is excessive, lasts longer than 30 minutes, or occurs after a fall or accident
152
Broken Nose Treatment
Apply a cold compress or ice pack to your nose for 10 to 15 minutes at a time, several times a day
Take over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil), or naproxen sodium (Aleve)
Keep your head elevated, especially when sleeping
Limit activities, especially sports, for at least two weeks after treatment
153
Nose with minor cuts and wounds treatment
Apply an antiseptic lotion or cream
Cover the area with a bandage or gauze pad
Check the area daily and keep it clean and dry
Avoid blowing on the abrasion
154
Chest Injuries Treatment
Penetrating: Do not remove object, stabilize with dressing, call EMS.
Crushing: Call EMS, monitor breathing, stabilize chest.
155
Abdominal Injuries Treatment
Resting: Have the person lie down with their knees bent and loosen any tight clothing
Covering wounds: Use a clean bandage soaked in warm water or cling film to cover any wounds
Controlling bleeding: Hold the edges of the wound together to help stop bleeding
Monitoring vital signs: Check for signs of shock, such as weakness, lightheadedness, or feeling about to faint
Seeking medical assistance: Call emergency services and provide complete medical information about the victim
Avoiding food and drink: Do not let the person eat, drink, or smoke
Treating protruding organs: If organs are protruding, cover them with a moist, sterile dressing made of non-adhesive material
Leaving foreign objects in place: Do not try to remove foreign objects or piercing weapons
156
Genital Injuries
apply direct pressure with a clean cloth to stop any bleeding, gently clean the wound with soap and water, apply an antibiotic ointment, and use a cold compress to reduce swelling and pain; seek medical attention if the bleeding is severe, there is significant pain or swelling, or you suspect a serious injury like a laceration or damage to the urethra.
157
Heart Attack Treatment
Call emergency services: Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately.
Help the person sit down: Have them rest in a comfortable position, such as sitting on the floor and leaning against a wall or chair.
Loosen tight clothing: This can help with breathing.
Check for chest pain medicine: If the person has a known heart condition and takes chest pain medicine, such as nitroglycerin, help them take it.
Give aspirin: If the person is awake, can understand simple commands, and can chew or swallow, you can help them take two to four low-dose (81-mg) aspirin tablets or one regular-strength (325-mg) aspirin tablet. Do not give aspirin to someone under 16 or if they are allergic to it.
Monitor the person: Stay with them until emergency services arrive and watch for changes in their condition.
Begin CPR: If the person is unconscious and unresponsive, and not breathing or does not have a pulse, begin CPR. If you're trained in CPR, start with 30 chest compressions before giving two rescue breaths. If you're untrained in CPR, do hands-only CPR by pushing hard and fast on the person's chest.
Use an AED: If an automated external defibrillator (AED) is available, follow the instructions on the device.
158
Stroke Treatment
Call emergency services: Call 911 or your local emergency services immediately.
Help the person lie down: If the person is conscious, help them lie on their side with their head slightly raised.
Loosen tight clothing: Remove any restrictive clothing that could make breathing difficult.
Check for breathing: If the person is unconscious, check their breathing and pulse. If they are not breathing or do not have a pulse, start CPR immediately.
Monitor the person: Stay calm and monitor the person until emergency help arrives. Be prepared to tell the emergency operator about their symptoms and when they started.
Note any medications: Make a note of any medications the person is taking or carry a prescription.
159
Heart Attack Symptoms
Chest pain or discomfort. ...
Feeling weak, light-headed, or faint.
Pain or discomfort in the jaw, neck, or back.
Pain or discomfort in one or both arms or shoulders.
Shortness of breath.
160
Stroke Symptoms
FAST
Face drooping
Arms tingling or numb
Slurred Speech
Time to call 911
161
Fainting Symptoms
sweating, weakness, dizziness, light-headedness.
shortness of breath.
vision changes, blurred or faded vision, seeing spots or lights.
nausea, vomiting, stomach-ache.
pale face, cool and moist skin.
numbness, tingling.
anxiety, restlessness.
162
Fainting Treatment
lay them on their back, elevate their legs above their heart level, loosen tight clothing, and monitor their breathing; if they are not breathing or unconscious, call emergency services and begin CPR immediately.
163
Convulsions (Seizures)
Movement: Jerking or twitching of the arms and legs, stiffening, or floppiness
Loss of consciousness: A sudden change in awareness or full loss of consciousness
Breathing: Difficulty breathing
Other symptoms: Foaming at the mouth, eye rolling, unusual tastes, unusual sensations or thoughts, changes in thinking or emotions, such as fear, anxiety, or deja vu
Skin color: Going pale or bluish in skin color
Waking up: After a seizure, a person may take 10 to 15 minutes to wake up properly and may be irritable or appear not to recognize you
164
Convulsions (Seizures) Treatment
Stay calm and stay with the person: Do not leave them alone during a seizure.
Protect from injury: Clear the area around them of any potential hazards.
Position on side: Once the convulsions stop, gently roll them onto their side to prevent choking on saliva.
Head protection: Place a soft object like a jacket under their head.
Loosen clothing: Remove glasses and loosen tight clothing around the neck.
Do not put anything in their mouth: This is a common misconception and can cause harm.
Time the seizure: Note the time the seizure starts and ends to monitor its duration.
Seek medical attention: Call emergency services if the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes, is accompanied by severe injuries, or if it is the person's first seizure
165
Hyperglycemia or Diabetic Coma
an excess of glucose in the bloodstream, often associated with diabetes mellitus.
166
Hyperglycemia or Diabetic Coma Symptoms
Feeling or being sick
Abdominal pain
Rapid, deep breathing
Signs of dehydration, such as headache, dry skin, and a weak, rapid heartbeat
Difficulty staying awake
Ongoing diarrhea or vomiting, and you can't keep any food or fluids down
Fruity-smelling breath
Loss of consciousness
167
Hyperglycemia or Diabetic Coma Treatment
can be treated with insulin
168
Hypoglycemia or Insulin Shock
a condition where your blood sugar level is lower than what's healthy for you.
169
Hypoglycemia or Insulin Shock Symptoms
clammy skin.
sweating.
feel drowsy and confused.
feel faint.
be unresponsive.
170
Hypoglycemia or Insulin Shock Treatment
giving the person something to eat or drink that contains sugar:
15-15 rule
For mild to moderate hypoglycemia, the American Diabetes Association recommends the "15-15 rule":
Eat or drink 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates.
Check blood sugar after 15 minutes.
If blood sugar is still below 70 mg/dL, repeat the steps.
Glucose tablets
If the person can swallow and follow simple commands, you can give them 15 to 20 grams of glucose tablets.
Other sugary foods and drinks
If glucose tablets aren't available, you can give the person:
Glucose gel
Honey or sugar
Fruit juice
Sugary drinks, but avoid diet, low-cal, zero, or sugar free beverages
Mentos
Skittles
Jelly beans
For children
If the child is having trouble swallowing, you can give them a slurry of sugar and water to dissolve under their tongue.
After treatment
Have the person eat a healthy snack or meal to help prevent another drop in blood sugar.
171
Snake Bite (Dos and Don’ts)
Dos: Keep victim calm, immobilize limb, keep bite area below heart level.
Don’ts: Do not apply ice, do not cut or suck the wound.
172
Advanced Airway Ventilation Rate
1 breath every 6 seconds, compressions do not stop or pause for breaths. The breaths and the compressions happen at the same time only when advanced airway is in place.
173
Types of Advanced Airway
Endotracheal tubes (ET tubes), supraglottic airway devices (like the laryngeal mask airway (LMA)), and esophageal-tracheal tubes (like the Combitube)
174
Burn Percentage
Head and Neck =9%, Chest and upper back= 9% each, Arm = 9% each, Abdomen and lower back = 9% each, Leg = 18% each, Genital Area= 1%
175
Eye washing Direction
Flush from inner cornerr outward to prevent spreading
176
Heart Anatomy
Atria:
Vencticles:
Valves:
Coronary Arteries:
Atria (upper chambers): Receive blood.
Ventricles (lower chambers): Pump blood out.
Valves: Prevent backflow.
Coronary Arteries: Supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood.
177
Normal Heart Rhythm
Regular, steady pulse (60-100 bpm for adults)
178
Abnormal Heart Rhythm
Irregular beats, tachycardia (fast), bradycardia (slow), or fibrillation (uncoordinated).
179
Position of Child Pads (AED)
Placement: One pad on the center of the chest and one on the back if pads are too large to fit on the chest without overlap.
180
Advanced Airway
CPR Ratio: For a patient with an advanced airway in place, give 1 breath every 6 seconds while performing continuous chest compressions (rate of 100-120 per minute).
181
Steps for Managing External Bleeding
Apply direct pressure with a sterile cloth or dressing.
Elevate the affected area (if no fractures are suspected).
Apply a pressure bandage if needed.
If severe bleeding persists, use a tourniquet as a last resort.
182
First Aid for Faint Victim
Lay the victim flat on their back.
Elevate legs 12 inches to improve blood flow to the brain.
Loosen tight clothing around the neck and waist.
Monitor for responsiveness and call EMS if the victim does not regain consciousness quickly.
183
What is a Convulsion?
Type of seizure, strong involuntary contraction of muscle
184
2 types of pneumatic splints
Air splint- air pressure used to inflate the splint
Vaccum pneumatic- are deriated after being positioned over fracture
185
A stroke is also called
Cerebrovascular accident
186
What is the most dangerous types of injuries to bones and joints?
Neck or spine
187
What are foreign object?
Dust, dirt, and similar small particles that frequently enter the eye
188
What are 3 other ways a heart attack can be called?
Coronary thrombosis
Coronary occlusion
Myocardial infarction
189
When does fainting occur?
When temporary reduction in the supply of blood to the brain
190
What is a diabetic coma caused by?
Increase in level of glucose in bloodstream
191
What is an insulin shock caused by?
By an excess amount of insulin and low level or glucose in bloodstream
192
Respiration rate for adult
12-16
193
Respiration rate for infant
30-60
194
respiration rate for children
16-30
195
Poisoning Ingestion Treatment
Call Poison Control Center
Save Label
Estimate Amount
If vomit occurs, sav some
If Poison Control Center instructs to induce vomit, itckle back of throat or give victim warm salt water (cannot be unconsious)
196
Poisoning Contact Treatment
Wash with water for 15-20 mins to dilute
Remove clothes/jewelry
Call Poison Control Center
Obtain medical help asap if burns occur
197
Poison Plant Treatment
Wash area with soap and water
If reaction occurs 2-3 days after, calamine(itching medication) may help
If the reaction becomes more severe, call medical help
198
Poison Inhalation Treatment
Remove from area
Take deep breath of fresh air
Check for breathing
Provide artifical breathing if needed
Death may occur very quickly, so obtain medical help asap
199
Poison Injection Treatment
Remove stinger by scraping it with a dull object like fingernail or credit card(do not use tweezers because it could puncture the stinger and release more venom)
Wash area with soap and water
Apply sterile dressing and cold pack to reduce swelling
200
Superficial or partial thick-ness burn treatments
Cool the burn and cool water NOT iced
Blot(dry) with sterile guaze (if you can) non-stick dressing
Elevate burn if you can
DO NOT POP ANY BLISTERS
201
When to get medical help on superficial or partial thickness burn
More than 15% on an adult
More than 10% on a child
Victim has difficulty breathing
202
Partial/ Full thickness burn treatments
Call all medical help asap
Use thick and sterile dressings
DO NOT REMOVE ANY CLOTHES
If limbs are affected, elevate them
If face/head is affected or having trouble breathing, elevate head
Watch for shock and treat accordingly
203
Splints important info
There are inflatable splints, padded boards, and traction splints
Splints should be long enough to immobilize above and below injury
Splints should be padded, especially at bony areas
Splints should NOT put pressure directly over the injury site
After splint is applied, note circulation and nerve endings; make sure it's not too tight
204
Slings important info
Slings needs to position hand above/higher than elbow
Circulation must be checked frequently
Try not to move injury too much
205
Clear or blood tinged fluid can be a sign of what
Skull or brain injury, allow fluid to flow from the air
206
Head/skull injury symptoms
Cerebrospinal fluid, loss of consciousness, headache, pupil unequa in size etc.
207
Sucking chest wound definition and how to treat it
Deep, open chest wound that allows air flow directly in and out with breathing
The partial vaccum normally in the pleura is gone and causes lungs to collapse
Air tight dresssing must be place over the wound
Tape/bandage can hold down 3 sides
4th side is left loose to allow air to escape when exhaling
maintain an open airway
If possible, lay victim o ninjured side and elevate head/chest slightly, this helps the injured lungs expand freely and prevents it from blood and damaged tissue
208
what hormone causes stress reaction
cortisol
209
what drug to take with heart attack
Aspirin: Reduces blood clotting
Nitroglycerin: Relaxes heart arteries to improve blood flow
Clot-busting drugs: Also known as thrombolytics, these drugs dissolve clots that block blood flow to the heart
Blood thinners: Prevent more clots from forming in arteries leading to the heart or lungs
Morphine: A common pain medication used to relieve chest pain
Beta blockers: Slow down the heart rate to help it recover from the heart attack
Antihypertensives: Decrease blood pressure to help the heart recover
Statins
210
What are the position of child pads
A. Standard Placement (Preferred):
One pad on the center of the chest, just below the collarbone.
One pad on the back, between the shoulder blades.
This is often called the anterior-posterior placement and prevents the pads from touching.
B. Alternative (Anterior-Lateral) Placement:
If instructed by the AED or the pads are designed for this placement:
Place one pad on the right side of the chest, just below the collarbone.
Place the other pad on the left side of the chest, slightly below the armpit.
211
What body burn percentage needed for child to seek medical attention
10
212
What body burn percentage needed for adult to seek medical attention
15
