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1
Q

What is the normal HR for a child 1-3 years old

A

75-130 bpm

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2
Q

What are the 3 indicators of Sepsis

A
  1. Fever: > 38.5
  2. Suspected infection (ex, pneumonia, UTI, abdominal pain etc)
  3. Presence on any one of the following:
    - SBP < 90
    - RR >/= 22 breaths/min (or intubated)
    - Acute confusion or reduced LOC
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3
Q

What are the baseline vitals (7)

A 
HR
BP
RR
SpO2
GCS
Pupils
Skin - color and condition
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4
Q

What is a normal systolic BP for an adult

A

90-120

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5
Q

What does LTH stand for

A

Lead trauma hospital

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6
Q

Under what circumstances would you transport patient to the nearest emergency hospital, even if they met the anatomical or physiological criteria?

A

If unable to secure patients airway or survival

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7
Q

What are 4 other conditions that can mimic a stroke

A
  • Drug ingestion
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Severe hypertension
  • CNS infection (ex, meningitis)
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8
Q

In the rule of 9s, what are the values for an aduly, starting at the head

A 
Head = 9 (4.5 front, 4.5 back)
Torso front = 18
Torso back = 18
Arms = 9
Legs = 18
Genitals = 1
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9
Q

What is considered hypotension in a child

A

<70 mmHg + (2 x age in years)

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10
Q

What are the 10 signs and symptoms considered to be risk criteria for SMR

A
  1. neck or back pain
  2. spine tenderness
  3. neurologic signs or symptoms
  4. altered LOC
  5. drug or alcohol intoxication
  6. Possible distracting injuries
  7. Anatomic deformity of the spine
  8. high-energy mechanism of injury
    - fall from greater than 3 feet (5 stairs)
    - axial load to the head
    - high speed MVC collision (>/= 100km/hr), rollover, ejection
    - hit by a bus or large truck
    - motorized recreational vehicle
    - Bicycle struck or collision
  9. > /= 65 years old and falls from standing height
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11
Q

What is the normal HR for a child 7-10 years old

A

60-90 bpm

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12
Q

How do you estimate the weight of a child

A

(age x 2) + 10

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13
Q

According to the oxygen therapy standard, what 5 signs/symptoms warrant oxygen therapy

A
  • age-specific hypotension
  • respiratory distress
  • cyanosis, ashen colour, or pallor (pale)
  • Altered LOC
  • abnormal pregnancy or labour
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14
Q

For pediatrics, what are the 8 main things to look out for during the assessment

A
  1. change in appetite
  2. change in behavior
  3. excessive drooling
  4. decrease in number of wet diapers
  5. inconsolable crying
  6. lethargy
  7. patient positioning
  8. work of breathing
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15
Q

If patient has penetrating trauma to the head, neck, or torso, what are the circumstances you can rue out SMR

A

If the patient doesn’t exhibit ANY of the following:

  • spine tenderness
  • neurologic signs or symptons
  • no altered LOC
  • no drug or alcohol intoxication
  • no distracting injury
  • no anatomic deformity
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16
Q

What is the primary cause of pediatric cardiac arrest

A

Respiratory arrest

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17
Q

What is the normal RR for a baby 0-3 months old

A

30-60 breaths/min

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18
Q

What is a normal diastolic BP for an adult

A

60-80

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19
Q

What assessing a patient, and a stroke is suspected, what 4 things should you look for when assessing the head/neck

A
  • facial symmetry
  • pupillary size, equality, and reactivity
  • abnormal speech
  • stiff neck
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20
Q

What is the special criteria to consider in transporting a patient to LTH after they’ve experienced trauma

A

a) Age (over 55?)
- SBP <110 - can be shock in 65+
b) Anticoagulation or bleeding disorders
c) Burns
- with trauma MOI
d) Pregnancy >/=20 weeks

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21
Q

When patching to base hospital, what are the 4 main pieces of information you need to provide

A
  • my level of certification
  • Information to accutately convey patient’s condition, situation, or circumstances
  • Any additional information requested by physician
  • confirm direction, authorization and orders given by physician
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22
Q

What does CTAS stand for

A

Canadian triage and acuity scale

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23
Q

What assessing a patient, and a stroke is suspected, what 4 potential problems should you keep an eye out for

A
  1. airway obstruction
  2. decreasing LOC
  3. Seizures
  4. agitation / confusion
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24
Q

What is considered a fever?

A

a temp > 38.5 degrees celcius

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25
Q

When is someone bradycardic

A

HR < 50 bpm

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26
Q

What does CACC stand for

A

Central ambulance communications centre

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27
Q

If a patient meets either the physiological or anatomical criteria for a truma hospital, but you can’t secure the airway or survival, what circumstances would you proceed to the LTH

A
  • If patient is VSA but not subject to TOR

- Land transfer time is <30 minutes

28
Q

What is the normal HR for a child 3-6 years old

A

70-110 bpm

29
Q

When administering oxygen to a patient with COPD, and a pulse oximetry is not available, how should you administer oxygen and what flow rate

A

2 L/min above the patient’s home O2 levels using a nasal cannula. If patient isn’t on home oxygen, 2 L/min

30
Q

When administering O2 to a COPD patient, how often should you reassess vitals

A

every 10 minutes

31
Q

What assessing a patient, and a stroke is suspected, what 2 things should you look for when assessing the CNS

A
  1. abnormal motor function
    - arm drift
    - grip strength
    - leg drift
  2. sensory loss
32
Q

What does the land transfer time have to be in order for someone to fully meet the physiological criteria for a trauma hospital

A

<30 minutes to an LTH

33
Q

What are 4 considerations for fever

A
  • Oversode
  • sepsis
  • meningitis
  • heat-related illnesses
34
Q

What is the amount of time from the clearly defined onset of stroke symptoms, or time patient was last SEEN in a normal state of health, that a patient can be transported to a stroke centre

35
Q

What are the indications under the Acute Stroke Protocol

A
  • Inappropriate words or mute
  • Slurred speech
  • Unilateral arm weakness or drift
  • Unilateral facial droop
  • Unilateral leg weakness or drift
36
Q

What is the normal RR for a child 1-3 years old

A

20-30 breaths/min

37
Q

For a patient with COPD, what oxygen saturation level should be achieved

A

Between 88-92%

38
Q

When is someone hypotensive

A

SBP < 90mmHg

39
Q

What is the normal RR for a baby 3-6 months old

A

30-60 breaths/min

40
Q

When is someone tachycardic

A

HR > 100 bpm

41
Q

What is considered hypoglycemic in a child < 2 yrs

A

< 3.0 mmol/L

42
Q

What is the normal HR for a baby 3-6 mths old

A

80-160 bpm

43
Q

When performing a full secondary survey of a pediatric patient, how is this performed

A

Toe to head

44
Q

What is the 8 anatomical criteria for transport to a trauma hopsital

A
  • Penetrating injury to the head, neck, torso, and extremities proximal to the elbow or knee
  • chest wall instability or deformity
  • Two or more proximal long-bone fractures
  • Crushed, de-gloved, mangled, or pulseless extremity
  • Amputation proximal to wrist or ankle
  • Pelvic fractures
  • Open or depressed skull fracture
  • Paralysis
45
Q

How do you calculate a normal SBP for a child

A

> /= 90 mmHg + (2 x age in years)

46
Q

What oxygen saturation level needs to be maintained in a non-COPD Patient

47
Q

What 13 calls warrant cardiac monitor

A
  • VSA (excluding those who are “obviously dead”
  • Unconscoius or altered LOA
  • Collapse or syncope
  • Suspected Cardiac ischemia
  • Moderate to severe shortness of breath
  • Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
  • Overdose
  • Major or multi-system trauma
  • Electrocution
  • Submersion injury
  • Hypothermia, heat exhaustion, or heat illness
  • Abnormal vital sounds
  • If requested during inter-facility transfers)
48
Q

What are the 3 physiological indications for a trauma hopsital

A
  • Patient doesn’t follow commands
  • Systolic BP <90mmHg
  • RR <10 or >/= 30 bpm, or need ventilatory support (<20 in infant aged <1 year)
49
Q

What is the normal range for HR in an adult

A

60-100 bpm

50
Q

Wht is the normal RR for a 10 year old

A

14-20 breaths/min

51
Q

What 9 MOIs should be considered for SMR

A
  1. Trauma associated with back or neck pain
  2. Sports accidents
  3. Diving/submersion injuries
  4. Explosions and other forceful accelerations/decelerations
  5. falls
  6. pedestrian struck
  7. electrocution
  8. lightening strikes
  9. penetrating trauma to head, neck, or torso
52
Q

What is the normal RR for a baby 6-12 months old

A

25-45 breaths/min

53
Q

What are the 6 indications for oxygen therapy

A
  • Possible exposure to carbon monoxide, cyanide, or noxious gases
  • Upper airway burns
  • scuba-diving related disorders
  • cardiopulmonary arrest
  • complete airway obstruction
  • sickle cell anemia with vaso-occlusive crisis
54
Q

When administering O2 to an COPD patient, and there is no change to their condition, how would you increase their O2 therapy

A

Increase O2 by 2 L/min above starting level every 2 to 3 minutes

55
Q

What is another name for a stroke

A

cerebrovascular accident

56
Q

What is the normal HR for a baby 0-3 mths old

A

90-180 bpm

57
Q

Whan does someone have tachypnea

A

RR >/= 28 breaths/min

58
Q

According to patient assessment standard, how often should you reassess vitals?

A

A minimum of every 30 minutes

59
Q

What is considered hypoglycemic in someone >/= 2 yr

A

< 4.0 mmol/L

60
Q

What is th normal RR for a child 3-6 years old

A

16-24 breaths/min

61
Q

What is a normal RR for an adult

A

12-16 breaths/min

62
Q

What is a main concern with fevers

A

Possibility of seizure

63
Q

If the patient doesn’t meet the physiological or anatomical criteria for a truma hospital, what is the MOI criteria to consider in order to proceed ot the LTH?

A

a) Falls
- Adult: >/= 6 metres (2 stories)
- Child (<15): >/= 3 metres (1 story)
b) High risk auto crash
- intrusion >/= 0.3 metres occupant site; >/= 0.5 metres any site
- Ejection (partial or complete) from automobile
- Death in the same vehicle
c) Pedestrian/bike thrown, runover, or struck (>/= 30km/hr)
d) Motorcycle crash >/= 30 km/hr

64
Q

What is the normal HR for a baby 6-12 mths old

A

80-140 bpm

65
Q

What does TOR stand for

A

Termination of resuscitation

66
Q

What are the 7 contraindications for acute stroke bypass

A
  1. CTAS 1 and/or uncorrected airway, breathing, or circulation issue
  2. Stroke symptoms resolved prior to paramedic arrival or assessment
  3. Blood glucose level < 3mmol/L
  4. Seizure at the onset of symptoms or observed by the paramedic
  5. GCS <10
  6. Terminally ill or is Palliative care
  7. Transport time to stroke centre is > 2 hrs

PCLB (2 decks)

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