BLS Flashcards
is immediate care given to a person who has
been injured or suddenly taken ill.
FIRST AID
it includes self-help and home care if medical
assistance in not available or delayed.
FIRST AID
Give at least 15 First Aid Kit Contents List
- Adhesive bandages (various sizes)
- Liquid bandages (optional)
- Antibiotic ointment and/or antiseptic wipes or spray
- Sterile gauze (in rolls and pads)
- Instant and reusable cold compresses (keep reusable ones in the freezer)
- Hydrocortisone ointment
- Calamine lotion
- Rubbing alcohol
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Hand sanitizing gel
- Eye wash solution (with eye cup)
- Sterile saline solution
- Sunscreen (at least SPF 15)
- Sunburn relief ointment
- Cotton balls
Goals of first aid
Alleviate suffering
Prevent added/further injury/danger.
Preserve Life.
Promote Recovery
RESPONSIBILITIES in first aid
Bridge the gap between the victim and the health
care provider
→ Ensure his own safety, that of the victim’s, and
bystanders
→ Gain access to the victim
→ Determine threats to the victim’s life
→ Call for more medical assistance as needed
“Any person who, while performing a lawful act with
due care, cause an injury by mere accident without
fault or intention of causing it is exempt from criminal
liability.”
Republic Act 3815 Article 12. Section 4 of the Philippine Revised Penal
Code Book 1
EFFECTIVE FIRST AID PROVIDER
→ Gentle
→ Resourceful
→ Observant
→ Tactful
→ Empathetic
→ Respectable
DO’s first aid
Consent
Think the worst, gravest possibility
Identify yourself to the victim
Comfort & emotional support
Respect victims modesty and physical privacy
Calm & direct as possible
Care for most serious injuries
Assist victim with their med
Keep onlookers away from the injured person
Loosen tight clothing
DON’Ts first aid
Let victim see their own injury
Leave the victim alone
Assume that victims obvious injuries are only ones
Make any unrealistic promises
Trust the judgment of confused victim
and required them make decision
Pulmonary arteries bring ________ blood from the ______ to the ___________
oxygen-poor, heart, lungs
Pulmonary veins bring ___________ blood from the __________ to the _________
oxygen-rich, lungs, heart
PATIENT ASSESSMENT:
Listen, look, feel
No pulse, no breath
Capillary refill test
Circulation, Airway, Breathing
S.A.M.P.L.E
Signs and Symptoms
Allergies
Medication
Pertinent past medical history
Last oral intake
Events leading up to the incident
Scene size-up
Body substance isolation (BSI)
Scene safety.
Mechanism of injury or nature of illness.
Determine the number of patients and
additional resources.
Activate Medical Assistance (AMA) or
Transfer Facility
Call first – cardiac in origin
CPR first – respiratory in origin
Primary Assessment
Check for:
LOC
Activate Medical Assistance
Check for circulation <10 secs
If negative circulation,
Give 30 compressions C
Open Airway A
Give 2 ventilations B
x 5 cycles or at least 150 compressions
within 2 minutes
Secondary Assessment
- Check the patient’s vital signs
- Perform the RAPID head to toe examination
(BLOOD & DCAPBTLS) - Interview the victim / relatives of the
victim.
Referral of the victim for further evaluation
and management
- It refers to the transfer of a victim to hospital or
health care facility if necessary for a definitive
treatment.
What to do in an incident
Scene size-up
Activate Medical Assistance (AMA) or
Transfer Facility
Primary Assessment
Secondary Assessment
Referral of the victim for further evaluation
and management
This is a combination of chest compressions
and rescue breathing. These must be combined
for effective resuscitation of the victim of
cardiac arrest.
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
Early Ages
FLAGGELATION METHOD
(WHIPPING)
1530
BELLOWS METHOD
1711
FUMIGATION METHOD
1770
INVERSION METHOD
1773
BARREL METHOD
1812
TROTTLING HORSE
1892
TONGUE STRETCHING
“Basic Life Support Training is mandatory to all
health workers”
Policy: A.O. 155 s. 2004
HEMS Goal
“At least one member of each household shall be
trained in BLS”
HEALTH BURDEN OF SUDDEN CARDIAC
ARREST
Almost 70% of out of hospital cardiac arrest
occur at home
50% are unwitnessed
10.8% of OHCA who have receive CPR from
(EMS) survive to hospital discharge
In hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) has a better
outcome, 22.3% to 25.5% of adults surviving
to discharge
SUDDEN CARDIAC ARREST
Unpredictable and can happen to anyone,
anywhere, at anytime
Risk increase with age
Pre-existing heart disease is common cause
Strikes people with no history of cardiac
symptoms
Never had any heart problems
WHY IS EARLY CPR IMPORTANT?
CPR is the best treatment for cardiac arrent
until the arrival of ACLS care
Prevent VF from deteriorating to asystole
Increase the chance of defibrillation
EARLY WARNING SIGNS OF RESPIRATORY
FAILURE
Unable to speak, breath or cough
Clutches neck (universal distress signal)
Bluish color skin and lips
EARLY WARNING SIGNS OF RESPIRATORY
FAILURE (CPR)
- Check safety : see if the scene is safe to do
CPR - Check unresponsiveness: tap or gently shake
the victim
Rescuer shout “Are you ok?”
Quick check for normal breathing
If the victim is unconscious, rescuer call for
help - Call for help
Ambulance, emergency services, doctor
Rescuer activates the Emergency medical
services
Get AED/Defibrillator
After determining unconsciousness, C-A-B
C- compression – do chest compression first
A-airway – doest the victim have an open airway?
B-breathing – is the victim breathing
How many chest compressions per minute?
100-120
How deep for cc?
2.2-4 inches deeo or 5-6cm
Compress at a rate of
100-120 per minute for 2 minutes
STEPS TO SAVE A LIFE (HANDS-ONLY CPR)
- Call your emergency response number
- Push hard and fast (Compression – to tune of
stayin alive - Continue chest compression until: -
Help arrives (emergency services)
You are too tired to continue compression
Person is revived
Opening of Airway
head tilt-chin lift manuever
WHEN TO STOP CPR?
S – SPONTANEOUS signs of circulation are stored
T- TURNED over to medical services or properly
trained and authorized personnel.
O – OPERATOR is already exhausted and cannot
continue CPR
P- PHYSICIAN assumes responsibility (declares
death, takes over)
S – SCENE becomes unsafe
S- SIGNED waiver to stop CPR
Three types soft tissue
Injuries:
- Closed
- Open
- Burn
A wound that is beneath unbroken skin
Characteristics of Closed soft tissue injuries
Assessment of Patient
Signs & Symptoms: (CLOSED WOUND)
- Swelling
- Brushing
- Deformity
- Pain
SOFT TISSUES INJURIES – CLOSED
- Contusion (bruise)
- Hematoma
- Crush injuries
- Compression injuries
OPEN SOFT TISSUE INURIES – ASSESSMENT
Signs & Symptoms:
- Break in skin
- Bleeding
- Swelling, pain & ecchymosis
- Shock
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES – OPEN
Protective skin layer is damaged
Increased risk of infection
Increased bleeding
* Abrasion
* Laceration
* Avulsion
* Amputation
* Crush injuries
* Puncture
Open Soft tissue injuries – Management
Remove clothing
- Cut it away
- Move as little as possible
Control bleeding
- Direct pressure
- Hand or hand held dressing
- Pressure dressing
- Splint
A depressed condition of many body
functions due to the failure of enough blood
to circulate throughout the body following
serious injury
SHOCK
Basic causes of Shock
- Pump failure
- Hypovolemia
- Blood vessels dilate
Factors which contribute to Shock
Pain
Rough handling
Improper transfer
Continuous bleeding
Exposure to extreme cold & excessive heat
Fatigue
DANGERS OF SHOCK
- Lead to death.
- Predisposes body to infection.
- Lead to loss of body part.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF SHOCK
EARLY STAGE:
Face – pale or cyanotic in color.
Skin – cold and clammy.
Breathing – irregular.
Pulse – rapid and weak.
Nausea and vomiting
Weakness
Thirsty
LATE STAGE (if condition deteriorates) shock
apathetic or relatively
unresponsive
Sunken eyes with vacant expression.
Dilated pupils.
Congested blood vessels (mottled
appearances)
Low level Blood pressure.
Body temperature falls.
Unconscious may occur
First Aid Management of Shock
- Proper body position
- Proper body heat
- Proper transfer
THORACIC TRAUMA
TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX
OPEN PNEUMOTHORAX
is the
second leading cause of preventable death
on an operation.
TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX
develops when
penetration injuries allows the pleural space
to be exposed to atmospheric pressure
“SUCKING CHEST WOUND”
OPEN PNEUMOTHORAX
What may cause a SCW?
Gun shot wound, Stab wounds, Impaled
objects
- occurs when the body / body part, receives
more radiant energy than it can absorb,
resulting in an injury. - one of the most serious and painful injuries
- Heat
- Chemicals
- Electricity
BURNS
TYPES OF BURNS
Chemical Burns
Electrical Burns
Thermal Burns
- toxic substances contacts the body
- eyes are particularly vulnerable
Chemical Burns
- entrance and exit wounds
- monitor for cardiac arrest
- safety
Electrical Burns
- Caused by heat
- Flame
- Scald
- Contact
- Steam
- Flash
Thermal Burns
Burn mgnt
- Clean burns with soap and running water
(15 minutes), or a dilute water-based
disinfectant to remove loose skin. - Cover it with loose cloth
- All blisters should be left intact to minimize
the risk of infection. - Larger blisters or those in an awkward
position (in danger of bursting) should be
aspirated under aseptic technique.
FRACTURE SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
Deformity – crepitus
Tenderness – False motion
Guarding – exposed fragments
Swelling – pain
Bruising – locked joint
Management for Fracture
- Exposed the Injured area
- Immobilize the injured part
- Cover the open wound
- Assess Pulse Motor Sensory
- Use the RICE Method
Is a rapid movement of patient
from unsafe to a place of safety.
Emergency Rescue
Is moving a patient from one place to
another after giving first aid.
Transfer
Reminders in Performing Emergency Rescue
- you should use a drag to pull along the long
axis of the patient’s body (Irregardless of a
patient’s injuries)
- you should use a drag to pull along the long
if you are alone and danger at the scene makes
it necessary for you to use emergency
move
Pointers to be observed during transfer
- Maintain open airway
- Hemorrhage is controlled
- Victim safely maintained in the correct
position - Regular check of the victim’s condition is
made - Supporting bandages & dressing remain
effectively applied - Method of transfer is safe, comfortable & as
speedy as circumstances permit - Taller first aiders stay at the head side of the
patient - must observed ergonomics in lifting & moving
of patient
Guidelines for lifting
- consider weight of pt and need for additional help
- know physically ability and limitations
-lift without twisting - have feet positioned properly
- communicate clearly and frequently with partner
EMERGENCY MOVES – ONE RESCUER
TECHNIQUES
Fireman’s carry
EMERGENCY MOVES – TWO RESCUER
TECHNIQUES
Carry by extremities
EMERGENCY MOVES – THREE TO FOUR RESCUER
TECHNIQUES
Bearer’s along side
EMEGENCY MOVES – FOUR/SIX RESCUER
TECHNIQUES
Hammock Carry
One Man Carry/ assist/ drag
- Assist to walk
- Fireman’s carry
- Packstrap carry
- Carry in arms
- Piggyback carry
Methods of Transfer
- Bearer’s along side
- Blanket carry
- Hammock carry
- Improvised stretcher using blanket with 2 poles
Methods of Transfer - TWO MAN CARRY / ASSIST/ DRAG
- Assist to walk
- Fireman’s carry with assistance
- Hand as a litter
- Four hand seat
- Chair as a litter
- Carry by extremities
Methods of Transfer - ONE MAN / ASSIST/ DRAG
Cloth/ shoulder drag
Fireman’s drag
Foot drag
Armpit/ shoulder drag inclined
