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Basic Life Support > BLS > Flashcards

BLS Flashcards

1
Q

It is a leading cause of death in

many parts of the world.

A

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)

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2
Q

______ are the first manifestation of cardiac arrest in 25% of cases

A

Pulseless ventricular rhythms

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3
Q

The goal of basic life support (BLS) is to restore ______ and ______ to victims of airway obstruction and respiratory or cardiac arrest.

A

ventilation, circulation

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4
Q

BLS begins when a victim is found unresponsive and not

moving. t/f

A

True

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5
Q

For ease of training, the lay rescuer should be taught to assume that a ______ is present if the unresponsive victim is not breathing or gasping.

A

cardiac arrest

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6
Q

In _________, the carotid artery in the neck or femoral artery should be palpated

A

adults and children older than 1 year

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7
Q

For ______, the brachial artery is preferred for assessing

pulselessness.

A

infants

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8
Q

If the patient has a pulse but is not breathing,_______ must be started immediately, at the appropriate rate of _______. If no pulse is palpable,_______ must be interposed with ventilatory support

A

ventilation, 8 to 10 breaths/min (every 6 to 8 seconds), external chest compressions

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9
Q

The rescuer manually compresses the _______ (for an adult patient) at a rate of 100 compressions/min. The duty cycle for downstroke and upstroke (release) is _____ with a ____ downstroke-to-upstroke ratio.

A

lower half of the sternum, 600 msec, 1:1

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10
Q

Place the victim in a ____ on a firm surface, such as the ground or the floor, because chest compressions are more effective when the victim is on a firm surface. When victims are in bed or on a stretcher, place
a _____ under them. A cardiac arrest board is ideal, but a removable bed piece or food tray may have to be used.

A

supine position, board or tray

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11
Q

In adults and children, compress the sternum ____ at a rate of 100
compressions/min

A

2 in (5 cm)

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12
Q

If CPR must be interrupted for _______, resume chest compressions as quickly as possible. Compressions should not cease for more than ________

A

transportation or advanced life support measures, 5 seconds (30 seconds if the victim
is being intubated).

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13
Q

As with an adult, identify the lower half of the sternum. Because the ________of younger children lie higher in the abdominal cavity, take special care to ensure proper positioning as described previously

A

liver and spleen

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14
Q

Chest compressions are indicated if the neonate’s heart rate decreases to _______despite adequate ventilation with 100% oxygen (O2) for 30 seconds.

A

less than 60 beats/min

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15
Q

For infants, compress the sternum approximately_______ at a

rate of at least 100 compressions/min.

A

1.5 in (4 cm)

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16
Q

Neonatal chest compressions are delivered on the ________ to a depth of approximately _________ to achieve an approximate rate of 100 compressions/min

A

lower third of the sternum, one-third of the anteroposterior diameter of the chest

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17
Q

Two methods to apply external chest compression to neonates

A

wrap around technique and two finger technique

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18
Q

To use this method, the rescuer encircles the neonate’s chest with both hands and compresses the sternum with two thumbs, using the other fingers of both hands to support the neonate’s back. The rescuer should position the thumbs just below the victim’s _______, taking care not to compress the xiphoid process.

A

Wrap around technique, intermammary line

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19
Q

After every how many compression, the neonate should receive a breath of 100% O2, coordinated with compressions to avoid simultaneous delivery. The second method, the two-finger technique, may have advantages when access to the _____ is required.

A

third, umbilicus

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20
Q

Chest Compressions Under Special Circumstances

A

near-drowning, electrical shock, and implanted pacemakers and defibrillators

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21
Q

when using an AED on such victims, pads should be placed ________ from the location of the implanted pacemaker or defibrillator

A

at least 1 inch

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22
Q

Compressions should be done on a victim with an implanted pacemaker or defibrillator in essentially the same way they are done on other victims. These devices are generally located in the _______

A

upper left chest or occasionally in the abdomen

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23
Q

Electrical shock can cause either cardiac or respiratory arrest. Cardiac arrest is caused by ________. A respiratory arrest may occur secondary to _______

A

ventricular fibrillation (VF), paralysis of ventilatory muscles

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24
Q

________ should be employed when

moving the patient.

A

Manual in-line spinal motion restriction

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25
Q

The most common cause of airway obstruction is______ which causes the tongue to fall back into the pharynx, blocking airflow.

A

loss of muscle tone,

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26
Q

What are the two methods in positioning the head of the victim

A

head-tilt/chin-lift maneuver

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27
Q

The______ is the primary procedure recommended for a layperson when spinal trauma is not suspected

A

head-tilt/chin-lift method

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28
Q

The _______ is used mainly by trained clinicians when spinal neck injuries are suspected and is no longer recommended by the AHA for _______

A

jaw thrust, lay rescuers

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29
Q

Research supports using ______ rather than motion restriction devices that may complicate airway management during CPR

A

manual in-line spinal immobilization

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30
Q

_______ can cause increased intracranial pressure in a

patient with a head injury.

A

Cervical collars

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31
Q

Before attempting to provide artificial ventilation, the rescuer should assess for the presence of _______

A

breathing

32
Q

To determine breathlessness, the rescuer places his or her _________ while simultaneously observing for _______

A

ear over the victim’s mouth and nose, spontaneous chest movement

33
Q

Breathlessness exists if no _________ are present or only gasping is present. This evaluation should take no longer than ______seconds to complete.

A

chest movement or breath sounds,3 to 5

34
Q

During the respiratory arrest, the victim must be provided with O2 within ______, or biological death follows.

A

4 to 6 minutes

35
Q

The rescuer can restore the O2 supply to the victim’s lungs by exhaling into the victim’s _________

A

mouth, nose, or tracheal stoma

36
Q

To Mouth-to-Mouth Ventilation, the rescuer must take a slightly deeper than normal breath (how many mL) and exhale directly into the victim’s mouth for over 1 second to produce a visible chest rise.

A

700 to 1000 ml

37
Q

Exhaled air provides approximately_____ O2, which is sufficient to achieve an arterial oxygen tension _____

A

16%, (PaO2) of 50 to 60 mm Hg

38
Q

A tidal volume (VT) between _____ and _____ is ideal for most adults. A VT of _____ should be delivered when chest compressions are being administered.

A

700 ml and 1000 ml, 500 ml

39
Q

During resuscitation of a victim of cardiac arrest, ____ should be given over a period of 1 second each.

A

two breaths

40
Q

Excessive volumes (>500 ml) or an inspiratory rate that is too fast (>8 to 10 breaths/min) must be avoided because this can push air into the stomach causing ______

A

gastric inflation and increasing intrathoracic pressure

41
Q

Increased intrathoracic pressure can decrease ______

A

coronary and cerebral perfusion.

42
Q

Adults. Assuming mouth-to-mouth ventilation is successful and the patient remains apneic, continue the effort at a rate of one breath every_______ to maintain the minimal adult rate of ____

A

6 to 7 seconds, 8 to 10 breaths/min

43
Q

The infant’s head should be extended only slightly, or it should be tilted back gently into a ______ when the head-tilt/chin-lift maneuver is used.

A

neutral position

44
Q

Infants and children. Assuming mouth-to-mouth ventilation is successful and the child remains apneic, continue to provide one
breath every ______ to maintain a rate of_______

A

3 to 5 seconds, 12 to 20 breaths/min.

45
Q

Mouth-to-mouth ventilation cannot be performed in some situations; these include _______ and _______

A

trismus, traumatic jaw or mouth injury

46
Q

involuntary contraction of the jaw muscles, also known as lockjaw

A

trismus

47
Q

Place the victim on his or her back with the neck in _________

A

vertical alignment

48
Q

If the tube is uncuffed, the mouth and nose may need to be sealed off with your _______, using a _______ to create an adequate peristomal seal for bag-mask ventilation.

A

hand or a tight-fitting face mask, pediatric face mask

49
Q

When performing CPR alone, the lay rescuer must remember to give ________ to adults, children, and infants until an AED arrives.

A

only compressions

50
Q

When two rescuers are available, the second rescuer _________. The other rescuer administers _______

A

ventilates and evaluates the effectiveness of CPR, cardiac compressions.

51
Q

For an _______, the compression-to-ventilation ratio is the same as for a single rescuer (30:2)

A

adult and child

52
Q

In infants, two rescuers should use a compression-to ventilation ratio of ________ Each breath is delivered over a ______ with exhalation occurring on the next compression.

A

3:1 with 90 compressions and 30 breaths delivered per minute (120 events/min), half-second

53
Q

To provide rest for the individual delivering cardiac compressions, the rescuers should change positions every ______ (approximately _______).

A

five cycles, 2 minutes

54
Q

The switch should be accomplished in less than ______

A

5 seconds

55
Q

The goal is to ______ without fatigue diminishing that goal.

A

push “hard and fast” at a rate of 100/min

56
Q

Since 1990, the AHA has recommended adding a fourth step to the treatment of cardiac arrest. This step involves ______ after CPR has been initiated.

A

early defibrillation

57
Q

The most common initial rhythm in witnessed sudden

cardiac arrest is _____

A

VF

58
Q

The treatment for VF is______

A

electrical defibrillation

59
Q

Studies have shown that survival rates are highest when
immediate bystander CPR is provided and defibrillation
occurs________.

A

within 5 minutes after SCA

60
Q

This step should be initiated within ______ of when

CPR is begun.

A

2 minutes

61
Q

VF cardiac arrest is less common in _______ and accounts for 5% to 15% of pediatric and adolescent arrests.

A

children than adults

62
Q

The AHA recommends use of an AED for children older than 1 year who are in cardiac arrest and encourages the use of a______ if one is available.

A

pediatric dose-attenuator system

63
Q

The standard doses recommended by the AHA for manual defibrillation of children are_____ for the first attempt and _____ for subsequent attempts.

A

2 J/kg, 4 J/kg

64
Q

If the message reads “No shock indicated,” CPR should be performed for _____, and then the rhythm analysis should be repeated

A

1 to 2 minutes

65
Q

A 1- to 2-minute period of CPR after a no-shock prompt from the AED delivers O2 and metabolic substrates to the _____, increasing the probability that a perfusing rhythm will occur

A

myocardium

66
Q

Immediate recognition and quick activation of EMS

A

Early access

67
Q

Buys time for accessing an AED and improves the chances that defibrillation will be effective

A

early CPR

68
Q

Provides the best chance to return the heart to normal rhythm

A

Early defibrillation

69
Q

help sustain the chance of recovery and survival

A

ACLS

70
Q

Increase the likelihood of long-term survival

A

PCAC

71
Q

Definite signs of death

A

Pallor mortis, Algor Mortis, Rigor mortis, Livor mortis, Decomposition, decapitation, death in erection

72
Q

Cooling of the body after death/second phase of death

A

algor mortis

73
Q

death by muscle stiff

A

rigir mortis

74
Q

Foreign bodies may cause partial or complete obstruction.________ may allow nearly adequate air exchange, in which case the patient remains conscious and coughing.

A

Partial obstruction

75
Q

With a completely obstructed airway, the patient commonly _________. This is known as the universal distress signal for foreign body obstruction.

A

clutches at his or her throat

76
Q

Forceful thrusts applied to the______ can dislodge an obstruction caused by a food bolus, vomitus, or other foreign body.

A

epigastrium

77
Q

Internal Organ Damage. The major hazard associated with abdominal thrusts that are performed when an individual has _______ is possible to damage to internal organs, such as laceration or rupture of abdominal or thoracic viscera.

A

choked and lost consciousness

Basic Life Support (1 decks)

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