BLS Flashcards
It is a leading cause of death in
many parts of the world.
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)
______ are the first manifestation of cardiac arrest in 25% of cases
Pulseless ventricular rhythms
The goal of basic life support (BLS) is to restore ______ and ______ to victims of airway obstruction and respiratory or cardiac arrest.
ventilation, circulation
BLS begins when a victim is found unresponsive and not
moving. t/f
True
For ease of training, the lay rescuer should be taught to assume that a ______ is present if the unresponsive victim is not breathing or gasping.
cardiac arrest
In _________, the carotid artery in the neck or femoral artery should be palpated
adults and children older than 1 year
For ______, the brachial artery is preferred for assessing
pulselessness.
infants
If the patient has a pulse but is not breathing,_______ must be started immediately, at the appropriate rate of _______. If no pulse is palpable,_______ must be interposed with ventilatory support
ventilation, 8 to 10 breaths/min (every 6 to 8 seconds), external chest compressions
The rescuer manually compresses the _______ (for an adult patient) at a rate of 100 compressions/min. The duty cycle for downstroke and upstroke (release) is _____ with a ____ downstroke-to-upstroke ratio.
lower half of the sternum, 600 msec, 1:1
Place the victim in a ____ on a firm surface, such as the ground or the floor, because chest compressions are more effective when the victim is on a firm surface. When victims are in bed or on a stretcher, place
a _____ under them. A cardiac arrest board is ideal, but a removable bed piece or food tray may have to be used.
supine position, board or tray
In adults and children, compress the sternum ____ at a rate of 100
compressions/min
2 in (5 cm)
If CPR must be interrupted for _______, resume chest compressions as quickly as possible. Compressions should not cease for more than ________
transportation or advanced life support measures, 5 seconds (30 seconds if the victim
is being intubated).
As with an adult, identify the lower half of the sternum. Because the ________of younger children lie higher in the abdominal cavity, take special care to ensure proper positioning as described previously
liver and spleen
Chest compressions are indicated if the neonate’s heart rate decreases to _______despite adequate ventilation with 100% oxygen (O2) for 30 seconds.
less than 60 beats/min
For infants, compress the sternum approximately_______ at a
rate of at least 100 compressions/min.
1.5 in (4 cm)
Neonatal chest compressions are delivered on the ________ to a depth of approximately _________ to achieve an approximate rate of 100 compressions/min
lower third of the sternum, one-third of the anteroposterior diameter of the chest
Two methods to apply external chest compression to neonates
wrap around technique and two finger technique
To use this method, the rescuer encircles the neonate’s chest with both hands and compresses the sternum with two thumbs, using the other fingers of both hands to support the neonate’s back. The rescuer should position the thumbs just below the victim’s _______, taking care not to compress the xiphoid process.
Wrap around technique, intermammary line
After every how many compression, the neonate should receive a breath of 100% O2, coordinated with compressions to avoid simultaneous delivery. The second method, the two-finger technique, may have advantages when access to the _____ is required.
third, umbilicus
Chest Compressions Under Special Circumstances
near-drowning, electrical shock, and implanted pacemakers and defibrillators
when using an AED on such victims, pads should be placed ________ from the location of the implanted pacemaker or defibrillator
at least 1 inch
Compressions should be done on a victim with an implanted pacemaker or defibrillator in essentially the same way they are done on other victims. These devices are generally located in the _______
upper left chest or occasionally in the abdomen
Electrical shock can cause either cardiac or respiratory arrest. Cardiac arrest is caused by ________. A respiratory arrest may occur secondary to _______
ventricular fibrillation (VF), paralysis of ventilatory muscles
________ should be employed when
moving the patient.
Manual in-line spinal motion restriction
The most common cause of airway obstruction is______ which causes the tongue to fall back into the pharynx, blocking airflow.
loss of muscle tone,
What are the two methods in positioning the head of the victim
head-tilt/chin-lift maneuver
The______ is the primary procedure recommended for a layperson when spinal trauma is not suspected
head-tilt/chin-lift method
The _______ is used mainly by trained clinicians when spinal neck injuries are suspected and is no longer recommended by the AHA for _______
jaw thrust, lay rescuers
Research supports using ______ rather than motion restriction devices that may complicate airway management during CPR
manual in-line spinal immobilization
_______ can cause increased intracranial pressure in a
patient with a head injury.
Cervical collars
Before attempting to provide artificial ventilation, the rescuer should assess for the presence of _______
breathing
To determine breathlessness, the rescuer places his or her _________ while simultaneously observing for _______
ear over the victim’s mouth and nose, spontaneous chest movement
Breathlessness exists if no _________ are present or only gasping is present. This evaluation should take no longer than ______seconds to complete.
chest movement or breath sounds,3 to 5
During the respiratory arrest, the victim must be provided with O2 within ______, or biological death follows.
4 to 6 minutes
The rescuer can restore the O2 supply to the victim’s lungs by exhaling into the victim’s _________
mouth, nose, or tracheal stoma
To Mouth-to-Mouth Ventilation, the rescuer must take a slightly deeper than normal breath (how many mL) and exhale directly into the victim’s mouth for over 1 second to produce a visible chest rise.
700 to 1000 ml
Exhaled air provides approximately_____ O2, which is sufficient to achieve an arterial oxygen tension _____
16%, (PaO2) of 50 to 60 mm Hg
A tidal volume (VT) between _____ and _____ is ideal for most adults. A VT of _____ should be delivered when chest compressions are being administered.
700 ml and 1000 ml, 500 ml
During resuscitation of a victim of cardiac arrest, ____ should be given over a period of 1 second each.
two breaths
Excessive volumes (>500 ml) or an inspiratory rate that is too fast (>8 to 10 breaths/min) must be avoided because this can push air into the stomach causing ______
gastric inflation and increasing intrathoracic pressure
Increased intrathoracic pressure can decrease ______
coronary and cerebral perfusion.
Adults. Assuming mouth-to-mouth ventilation is successful and the patient remains apneic, continue the effort at a rate of one breath every_______ to maintain the minimal adult rate of ____
6 to 7 seconds, 8 to 10 breaths/min
The infant’s head should be extended only slightly, or it should be tilted back gently into a ______ when the head-tilt/chin-lift maneuver is used.
neutral position
Infants and children. Assuming mouth-to-mouth ventilation is successful and the child remains apneic, continue to provide one
breath every ______ to maintain a rate of_______
3 to 5 seconds, 12 to 20 breaths/min.
Mouth-to-mouth ventilation cannot be performed in some situations; these include _______ and _______
trismus, traumatic jaw or mouth injury
involuntary contraction of the jaw muscles, also known as lockjaw
trismus
Place the victim on his or her back with the neck in _________
vertical alignment
If the tube is uncuffed, the mouth and nose may need to be sealed off with your _______, using a _______ to create an adequate peristomal seal for bag-mask ventilation.
hand or a tight-fitting face mask, pediatric face mask
When performing CPR alone, the lay rescuer must remember to give ________ to adults, children, and infants until an AED arrives.
only compressions
When two rescuers are available, the second rescuer _________. The other rescuer administers _______
ventilates and evaluates the effectiveness of CPR, cardiac compressions.
For an _______, the compression-to-ventilation ratio is the same as for a single rescuer (30:2)
adult and child
In infants, two rescuers should use a compression-to ventilation ratio of ________ Each breath is delivered over a ______ with exhalation occurring on the next compression.
3:1 with 90 compressions and 30 breaths delivered per minute (120 events/min), half-second
To provide rest for the individual delivering cardiac compressions, the rescuers should change positions every ______ (approximately _______).
five cycles, 2 minutes
The switch should be accomplished in less than ______
5 seconds
The goal is to ______ without fatigue diminishing that goal.
push “hard and fast” at a rate of 100/min
Since 1990, the AHA has recommended adding a fourth step to the treatment of cardiac arrest. This step involves ______ after CPR has been initiated.
early defibrillation
The most common initial rhythm in witnessed sudden
cardiac arrest is _____
VF
The treatment for VF is______
electrical defibrillation
Studies have shown that survival rates are highest when
immediate bystander CPR is provided and defibrillation
occurs________.
within 5 minutes after SCA
This step should be initiated within ______ of when
CPR is begun.
2 minutes
VF cardiac arrest is less common in _______ and accounts for 5% to 15% of pediatric and adolescent arrests.
children than adults
The AHA recommends use of an AED for children older than 1 year who are in cardiac arrest and encourages the use of a______ if one is available.
pediatric dose-attenuator system
The standard doses recommended by the AHA for manual defibrillation of children are_____ for the first attempt and _____ for subsequent attempts.
2 J/kg, 4 J/kg
If the message reads “No shock indicated,” CPR should be performed for _____, and then the rhythm analysis should be repeated
1 to 2 minutes
A 1- to 2-minute period of CPR after a no-shock prompt from the AED delivers O2 and metabolic substrates to the _____, increasing the probability that a perfusing rhythm will occur
myocardium
Immediate recognition and quick activation of EMS
Early access
Buys time for accessing an AED and improves the chances that defibrillation will be effective
early CPR
Provides the best chance to return the heart to normal rhythm
Early defibrillation
help sustain the chance of recovery and survival
ACLS
Increase the likelihood of long-term survival
PCAC
Definite signs of death
Pallor mortis, Algor Mortis, Rigor mortis, Livor mortis, Decomposition, decapitation, death in erection
Cooling of the body after death/second phase of death
algor mortis
death by muscle stiff
rigir mortis
Foreign bodies may cause partial or complete obstruction.________ may allow nearly adequate air exchange, in which case the patient remains conscious and coughing.
Partial obstruction
With a completely obstructed airway, the patient commonly _________. This is known as the universal distress signal for foreign body obstruction.
clutches at his or her throat
Forceful thrusts applied to the______ can dislodge an obstruction caused by a food bolus, vomitus, or other foreign body.
epigastrium
Internal Organ Damage. The major hazard associated with abdominal thrusts that are performed when an individual has _______ is possible to damage to internal organs, such as laceration or rupture of abdominal or thoracic viscera.
choked and lost consciousness
