Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Small Animal FINAL > Bloodwork > Flashcards

Bloodwork Flashcards

1
Q

Hematology, what are we examining?

A

WBC
RBC
Anemia
Platelets and thrombocytopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Blood Chemistry panel, what are we examining?

A

Electrolytes
Enzymes
Inorganic and organic molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Increased Calcium levels in blood can indicate?

A

Neoplasia (e.g Parathyroid- like hormone): Lymphoma, anal gland carcinoma ( ↓ PTH , ↑ phospate)

Primary hyperparathyrodism due to neoplasia (RARE) ( ↑ PTH and ↓ phospate )

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (due to low dietary Ca or high loss)

Hypoadrencorticism (ADDISON’s)

Hypervitaminosis D (Rodenticide, supplements)
Toxins

Non-malignant skeletal disorder

Hyperalbuminemia ( ↑ PCV, ↑ alb, ↑ TP)

High Ca diet

Chronic renal failure (increased mobilisation from bone and kidneys) (↑ Phos, ↑ PTH)

NB! In young, growing dogs in can be due to osteclast activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Clinical sign elevated blood Ca?

A

Weakness, PU/PD, vomiting, diarrhoea. twitching, seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Decreased Calcium in blood can indicate?

A

Eclampsia (Puerpuel tetany-hypocalcemia) : Neurological symptoms 2-3 weeks after birth.

Hypoparathyroidism

Low Ca diet

Pregnancy and lactation

Chronic kidney failure (due to ↓ vit. D3 formation) - ( ↓ USG, +/- ↑ azotaemia)

Acute pancreatitis (+/- ↑ lipase, amylase, vomiting, +/- CPLi )

Hypoalbuminemia

Malabsorption

Lymphangiectasia (dilation of lymph vessels)

Oxalate poisoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Clinical signs low blood Ca?

A

Muscle tremors, fasciculation, seizures, ↑ Temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Increased Phosporus in blood can indicate

A

↑ Absorption:
- High phosporus in diet
- Vit. D toxicity
↓ Excretion or ↑ Bone resorption:
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Renal disease (Primary)
- Renal disease, Secondary
hyperparathyroidism (↑ Ca, azotaemia)

NB! Young growing dogs osteclast activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Decreased Phosporus in the blood can indicate?

A

↓ Absorption
- Diet (Rickets - low vit. D3)
↓ Bone resorption or ↑ renal excretion
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Osteomalacia
- Neoplasia

Milk fever,
Recent stress
Insulin therapy and hyperinsulemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Clinical signs low Phosphorus in the blood?

A

Often asymptomatic, may have seizures weakness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Increased Sodium level in blood can indicate?

A

↑ Water loss > Electrolyte loss
- Dehydration
- Hypodypsia or adypsia
- Diabetes insipidus (Central or nephrogenic)
- Osmotic diuresis (e.g Diabete mellitus,
renal failure, mannitol)
↑ Excess Sodium retention
- Hyperaldosteronism
- Iatrogenic (NaCl infusion, salt ingestion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Decreased Sodium level in blood can indicate?

A

↑ Sodium loss
- End stage kidney failure
- GI loss
- Overhydration (e.g primary Diabetes
insipidus)
- Congestive heart failure
↑ Water conservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Increased Potassium levels in the blood can indicate?

A

Acidosis
Dehydration
Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s)
Renal failure (Acute)
Urethral obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Decreased Potassium levels in the blood can indicate?

A

Alkalosis
Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushings)
Hyperaldosteronism
intestinal obstruction
Insulin therapy
Vomiting, diarrhea, diuresis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Elevated ALP (alkanine phosphatase) can indicate?

A

Liver damage (↑ ALT)

Cholestatic disease (dog & cat) (↑ bilirubin, bile acids, GGT)
Cushing
Hyperthyroidism (cat) (↑ ALT)
Drugs: cortocosteroids, barbituates, other anti seizure drugs.
Diabete mellitus (↑ Blod and uring glucose)
arcinomas, mammry gland tumours, ostecarcomas.
Puppies have higher ALP (osteoblast)

In cats any increase can be significant, normally has a rapid clearance, active inflammation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Elevated ALT (Alanine aminotransferase)

A

Liver damage (hepatocyte damage major source)
Liver specific enzyme:
- Hypoxic damage, inflammation/infection,
neoplasia, toxicosis (↑ ALP, ↑ ASP)
- Trauma
- FeLV
- Hypertension
- Drugs: phenobarbital (↑ ALP)
- DM
-Cushing (ALP ↑, USG ↓ )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Decr. ALT?

A

Reduced liver mass
Puppies due to immaturity

17
Q

Elevated AST (Aspartate aminotransferase) levels?

A

Liver disease (hepatocellular)
Muscular damage of inflammation, necrosis
RBC Hemolysis

18
Q

Elevated GGT (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) levels?

A

Cholestasis ( ↑ ALP, ↑ Bilirubin & bile acids)
Steroid hepatopathy :
- Corticotseroids
- Phenobarbital

19
Q

Increased Albumin level may indicate?

A

Dehydration (↑ PCV, ↑ TP)
Artefact

20
Q

Decreased Albumin level may indicate?

A

↓ Production :
- Liver disease ( +/- ↑ ALT- unless chronic,
↓ urea)
- Portosystemic shunt
↑ Loss:
- Blood loss ( ↓ PCV)
- GI disease (protein loosing enteropathy)
- Glomerulonephropathy ( Protein loosing
nephropathy)
- Burns
Dilution due to IV fluids.

21
Q

Increased Bilirubin in blood?

A

Prehepatic (hemolysis) - increased priduction
Hepatic (intrahepatic Cholestasis)
Posthepatic ( bile duct obstruction - pancreatitis, pancreatic or proximal GI mass)

22
Q

Decreased bilirubin in blood?

A

Sepsis & hypertension, starvation and fever
Artefact.

23
Q

Elevated BUN (blood urea Nitrogen)?

A

Prerenal (↑ USG)
- Dehydration, hypovolemia
Renal failure
Postrenal (Variable USG)
- Obstruction of urinary pathways, rupture
Extrarenal
- GI bleeding, high protein diet
- Catabolism of muscle due to massive
muscle trauma, fever, GCC treatments.
starvation.

24
Q

Decreased BUN (blood urea Nitrogen)?

A

↓ Production
- Liver disease, end stage liver failure.
- Low protein diet.
↑ Loss
- PU/PD
- Diabetes insipidus (↓ USG)
- Kidney disease

25
Q

Elevated Cholesterol can indicate?

A

Cushing’s disease and diabetes mellitus ( due to ↑ mobilisation from fat stores in the liver)
Hypothyroidism & Glomerular nephropathy ( ↑
portein loss causes liver to produce more of what it makes)
Hyperlipidemia (Schnauzer)
Cholestasis

26
Q

Decreased Cholesterol can indicate?

A

Liver failure ( ↓ production, +/- Liver enzymes)
Lhympangiectasia
Hypoadrenocorticism (+/-. ↑ K, ↓ Na, +/- ↓ glucose)
Starvation

27
Q

Elevated Creatinine can indicate?

A

Prerenal disease (dehydration)
Renal disease
Post renal disease
↑ Muscle mass

Decreased levels can be due to reduced muscle mass (RARE)

28
Q

Elevated Globulin level may indicate?

A

Chronic immune stimulation (FIP, HW, Ehrlichia)
Dehydration ( ↑ PCV, ↑ TP)
Neoplasm - Lymphoma, mulitple myeloma

29
Q

Decreased Globulin levels may indicate?

A

Neonates
↑ Loss with albumin
- Burns
- Blood loss
- Protein loosing enteropathy
↓ Porduction
- Liver insufficiency

30
Q

Increased glucose in blood can indicate?

A

Diabetes mellitus ( ↑ ALP, ↑ Glucose urine)
Cushings ( ↑ ALP, ↓ USG)
Iatrogenic (GCC treatment)
Ethylene glycol ( Ca+ oxalate crystalluria. ↑
azotemia, +/- ↑ K)
Stress, excitation, fear in cats

31
Q

Decreased Blood glucose can indicate?

A

< 3 mmol/L -> hypoglycemia -> emergency
Insulinoma
Insulin overdose
End stage liver disease
sepsis
Heat stroke
Pregnancy

toy breeds

32
Q

Clinical signs elevated glucose?

A

PU/PD, depression weight loss, obesity, polyphagia

33
Q

Clinical signs decreased glucose?

A

Trembling, weakness, ataxia, collapse, blindness, seizures

34
Q

Elevated Total protein can indicate?

A

Dehydration (↑ PCV)
Chronic immune stimulation (infection)

35
Q

Decreased Total protein

A

↑ Loss:
- Overhydartion
- Protein loosing enteropathy
-acute or chronic bleeding
↓ Formation
- Neoplasm
- Liver disease
- Malnutrition

36
Q

Elevated Lipas may indicate?

A

Pancreatitis ( >3x ↑)
GI disease ( > 3x ↑. +/- comiting & diarrhea)
Steriods/hyperadrenocorticism ( up to 5 x ↑
, ALP ↑, USG ↓).
Kidney disease (2-3x ↑, azotemia ↑)

Small Animal FINAL (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions