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Module Three > Blood Vessels, Blood and Clotting > Flashcards

Blood Vessels, Blood and Clotting Flashcards

1
Q

What chamber does the aorta originate from?

A

Left Ventricle

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2
Q

What chamber does the pulmonary vein drain into?

A

Left atrium

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3
Q

What chamber does the pulmonary artery originate from?

A

Right ventricle

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4
Q

What chamber does the Vena Cava drain into?

A

Right Atrium

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5
Q

Where can the radial artery be palpated?

A

Lateral aspect of the forearm, close to the wrist.

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6
Q

Where can you palpate the brachial artery?

A

Antecubital fossa

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7
Q

Where can you palpate the femoral artery?

A

Medial anterior thigh, inferiorly to the inguinal ligament

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8
Q

Where can you palpate the dorsalis pedis artery?

A

Dorsal surface of the foot, between the first and second metatarsal

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9
Q

Where can you palpate the popliteal artery?

A

Posterior aspect of the knee

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10
Q

Where can you palpate the carotid artery?

A

Either side of the neck, lateral to the cricoid cartilage

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11
Q

Where can you palpate the posterior tibial artery?

A

Posterior and inferior to the medial malleolus

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12
Q

Name the arteries that branch of the aortic arch, from first to last

A

Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian.

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13
Q

What two arteries branch off the brachiocephalic trunk?

A

Right common carotid and right subclavian.

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14
Q

What two arteries branch off the aorta immediately superior to it’s anastamosis with the heart?

A

Right and left coronary artery

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15
Q

Name the branches of the RCA

A

Sinu-atrial nodal, right marginal, posterior intraventricular

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16
Q

Name the branches of the LCA

A

Anterior intraventricular (LAD), left circumflex

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17
Q

What arteries branch off the abdominal aorta at l3 l4?

A

Left and right common ileac arteries

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18
Q

What spinal level does the abdominal aorta begin?

A

T12

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19
Q

At what spinal level does the inferior Vena Cava perforate the diaphragm?

A

T8

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20
Q

What 3 main veins drain into the portal vein?

A

Superior mesenteric, gastric and splenic veins

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21
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

A

Distal third of the transverse colon, the descending colon and sigmoid colon, and the superior portion of the rectum

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22
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A

Proximal 2/3 of transverse colon, ascending colon, jejunum, ileum, appendix, caecum, hepatic flexure.

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23
Q

What vertebral level do the common ileac arteries branch off the abdominal aorta?

A

L4

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24
Q

What vertebral level do the renal arteries branch off the abdominal aorta?

A

L1-L2

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25
Q

Name the 3 branches of the celiac artery

A

Left gastric, splenic and common hepatic

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26
Q

Which veins make up the azygos system?

A

Azygos, hemiazygos, accessory hemiazygos, left superior intercostal

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27
Q

What vertebral level does the azygos vein arise?

A

T12

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28
Q

What two veins does the azygos vein originate from?

A

Right ascending lumbar vein and the right subcostal vein

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29
Q

What two veins does the azygos system join?

A

IVC and SVC

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30
Q

Where does the left gonadal vein drain into?

A

Left renal vein

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31
Q

Where does the right gonadal vein drain into?

A

IVC

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32
Q

What general area do the carotid arteries supply?

A

Head and neck

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33
Q

What general area do the subclavian arteries supply?

A

Upper limbs

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34
Q

The external and internal carotid separate at what vertebral level?

A

The carotid sinus at C4-5

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35
Q

What is the connective tissue layer of blood vessels called?

A

Tunica adventitia

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36
Q

What is the tunica media made of?

A

Smooth muscle

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37
Q

The tunica intima is the innermost layer of blood vessels, what does it consist of?

A

Single layer epithelium, basement membrane and elastic fibres.

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38
Q

What are the three types of capillary?

A

Continuous, fenestrated and sinusoidal

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39
Q

What does a fenestrated capillary look like?

A

Small gaps in epithelium but a continuous basement membrane.

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40
Q

What function do sinusoidal capillaries have?

A

Allow larger structures (like red and white blood cells) to pass through them.

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41
Q

Where is the cephalic vein?

A

Lateral aspect of the upper limb

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42
Q

What is the percentage of plasma in the blood?

A

55%

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43
Q

The large molecules in plasma are mainly what?

A

Proteins

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44
Q

Where are albumin and fibrinogen produced?

A

Liver

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45
Q

Name a major role of albumin?

A

Maintaining the balance of fluids in the vessels

46
Q

Name a role of fibrinogen

A

Blood clotting

47
Q

Describe the shape of erythrocytes and why it is important

A

Biconcave discs, have a large surface area to volume ratio which maximises gas exchange

48
Q

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?

A

120 days

49
Q

Name the 5 types of leucocytes

A

Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes and Monocytes

50
Q

Neutrophils respond to tissue damage. They are increased in what type of infection?

A

Bacterial

51
Q

Basophils release what two molecules to promote inflammation?

A

Histamine and Heparin

52
Q

What type of leucocytes are elevated most in viral infections?

A

Lymphocytes

53
Q

What is the structure of platelets and why is this important?

A

Small discoid shaped cell fragments when unactivated, however, when activated, the proteins on its surface allow it to change shape and extend “tentacle-like” projections that help the platelets stick together

54
Q

Once platelets are adhered to the break in the vessel, forming a temporary clot, they secrete proteins from their granules to promote what?

A

Vasoconstriction and further clotting

55
Q

In simple terms, what is the clotting cascade?

A

A series of enzyme catalysed reactions that lead to the production of fibrin.

56
Q

What are the elastic arteries?

A

Aorta and its branches

57
Q

What vessels make up the largest portion of the circulatory system?

A

Systemic veins and venules

58
Q

What are the three layers of a blood vessel?

A

Tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia

59
Q

What does the tunica intima consist of?

A

Endothelium, subendothelium (connective tissue) and internal elastic lamina (only arteries, not veins)

60
Q

Which layer of a blood vessel regulates diameter and how?

A

Tunica media, made up of smooth muscle cells that are can vasoconstrict and dilate.

61
Q

What are the layers of the tunica media?

A

Smooth muscle cell layer and external elastic lamina

62
Q

Which layer is made up of connective tissue?

A

Tunica adventitia

63
Q

What is the purpose of muscular arteries?

A

They have a thicker tunica media, more smooth muscle so they can regulate blood flow to organs as required.

64
Q

If someone refers to the “reservoir of blood”, which vessels are they talking about?

A

Veins and venules

65
Q

Which vessels have a thinner tunica adventitia?

A

Arteries

66
Q

What layers make up capillaries?

A

One cell thick layer of endothelial cells, basement membrane and collagen fibrils

67
Q

What is a pericyte?

A

A contractile cells found sparsely in capillaries

68
Q

What type of capillaries are found in the liver and spleen?

A

Sinusoidal

69
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

Continuous, fenestrated and sinusoidal

70
Q

What type of capillaries are found in the gastrointestinal tract and endocrine glands?

A

Fenestrated

71
Q

What are the three types of flow within a vessel?

A

Lamina, turbulent and pulsatile

72
Q

Why can turbulent flow be harmful?

A

It can irritate the vessel walls, exposing the RBC to collagen causing the blood to clot.

73
Q

What three types of transport happen across endothelial cells?

A

Transcellular, active and pinocytosis

74
Q

What is the MAP in the right atrium?

A

Almost 0

75
Q

What is the dicrotic notch?

A

A blip in the pressure profile chart of arterial pressure where the aortic valve closes

76
Q

How would you work out pulse pressure?

A

Systolic - diastolic BP

77
Q

What is the equation for MAP?

A

MAP= DiastolicBP - 1/3PP

78
Q

How much time, when we are at rest, does the heart spend in systole?

A

1/3

79
Q

What percentage of blood is in the venous system at any one time?

A

70%

80
Q

Describe the cellular response to shear stress on endothelial cells in the blood vessels

A

Endothelial cells sense shear stress -> produce nitric oxide -> NO diffuses into smooth muscle -> activates guanylyl cyclase -> synthesises cGMP -> smooth muscle relaxation

81
Q

Which factors are affected by Vitamin K deficiency?

A

II, VII, IX and X

82
Q

What drug causes Vitamin K deficiency and how?

A

Warfarin, blocks the activation of vitamin K by it’s enzyme

83
Q

What genetic condition causes collagen synthesis disorder?

A

Ehlers-Danlos

84
Q

What process does Von Willibrand’s disease affect?

A

Platelet aggregation and adhesion

85
Q

Endothelial damage exposes blood to what substances?

A

Tissue factors and collagen

86
Q

What arachidonic acid metabolite is formed by platelets?

A

Thromboxane A2

87
Q

What molecule performs the opposite function to thromboxane A2?

A

Prostacyclin

88
Q

Why are vWF and GPII/III important?

A

They form crosslink bridges between platelets to help aggregate them together

89
Q

What is a sinister cause of thrombocytopenia?

A

Acute Myeloid Leukaemia

90
Q

What is the initial factor of the intrinsic pathway?

A

XII

91
Q

What is the initial factor in the extrinsic pathway?

A

VII

92
Q

What is the initial factor in the common pathway?

A

XIII

93
Q

What blood test is used to assess the intrinsic pathway?

A

APTT

94
Q

What enzyme digests fibrin?

A

Plasmin

95
Q

Prothrombin is what factor?

A

II

96
Q

Fibrinogen is what factor?

A

I

97
Q

What ion is involved in the clotting cascade?

A

Calcium

98
Q

What are the steps of haemostasis?

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. primary (temporary platelet plug)
  3. secondary (coagulation)
  4. fibrinolysis
  5. repair
99
Q

Thromboxane A2 triggers what processes after a vessel injury?

A

Vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation

100
Q

What molecules form in between platelets?

A

Fibrinogen

101
Q

What is the precursor to fibrin?

A

Fibrinogen

102
Q

Fibrin and thrombin are what type of molecules?

A

Proteins

103
Q

What is needed to activate fibrinogen?

A

Thrombin

104
Q

What is the inactive form of thrombin?

A

Prothrombin

105
Q

What factor is needed to stabilize fibrin?

A

XIII

106
Q

The intrinsic pathway depends on factors that are found where?

A

In the blood

107
Q

Which pathway in the coagulation cascade has more steps?

A

Intrinsic

108
Q

What factor is tissue factor?

A

III

109
Q

What pathway is tissue factor involved in?

A

Extrinsic

110
Q

The intrinsic pathway includes what factors?

A

VIII, IX, XI, XII. (8,9,11,12)

111
Q

What makes up the prothrombinase complex?

A

Factor X & V, calcium and platelet.

Module Three (5 decks)

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