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CVS BDS1 > blood, vessels and pressure control > Flashcards

blood, vessels and pressure control Flashcards

1
Q

what are the qualities of blood vessels?

A

active dynamic organs, that form a closed system that begins and ends at the heart

deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells

carry away waste products

part of maintaining blood pressure

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2
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from heart
oxygenated

pressure reservoirs
elastic

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3
Q

3 types of artery

A

elastic

muscular

arterioles

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4
Q

example of elastic artery

A

aorta and branches

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5
Q

elastic artery function

A

dampens pressure to avoid damage to smaller, more rigid vessels

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6
Q

muscular artery function

A

distribute blood to specific body parts
brach into arterioles

less elastic

thick tunica media

e.g. radial artery, splenic artery, femoral artery

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7
Q

veins

A

carry blood towards heart
deoxygenated

blood reservoir

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8
Q

venous valves

A

prevent back flow of deoxygenated blood in lower limbs

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9
Q

capillaries functions

A

transfer station between arteries and veins
- exchange nutrients and waste

play a role in thermoregulation

  • precapillary smooth muscle sphincter
  • less blood exposed = less heart lost
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10
Q

arterioles

A

mini arteries that branch out into capillaries

control distribution

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11
Q

venules

A

smallest vein component that suck blood out of capillaries

merge into a larger vein

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12
Q

what happens to pressure as liquid travels through circulation?

A

pressure drops as liquids travel from high to low pressure

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13
Q

what parts of the CVS contain deoxygenated blood?

A

veins –> superior and inferior vena cava

right atrium

right ventricle

pulmonary arteries

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14
Q

what parts of the CVS contain oxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary veins

left atrium

left ventricle

aorta –> arteries

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15
Q

what are the 3 layers of tissue in blood vessels?

A

tunica intima (innermost)

tunica media

tunica externa/adventitia (outermost)

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16
Q

tunica intimate composed of

A

endothelium

connective tissue

internal elastic membrane

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17
Q

what is endothelium?

A

simple squamous epithelium

continuous with lining of heart

form slick surface to allow blood to move without friction

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18
Q

tunica media composed of

A

smooth muscle cells and sheet of elastin protein

external elastic membrane

key role in blood pressure and flow
- smaller diameter vessel the resistance in increased, harder it is for flow

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19
Q

what regulates lumen diameter in blood vessels?

A

parts regulated by neurofibres of Autonomic Nervous System

act on tunica media

key role in blood pressure and flow
- smaller diameter vessel the resistance is increased, harder it is for flow

decrease lumen diameter by vasoconstriction
expand lumen diameter by relaxation of smooth muscle in vasodilation

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20
Q

what is hypertension?

A

chronic high blood pressure

causes serious damage to heart that creates high BP and vessels which have withstood it

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21
Q

3 contributors to blood pressure

A

emotional stress

physical exertion

dehydration

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22
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

volume of blood flowing through any given vessels (or through the circulatory system as a whole) per minute

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23
Q

what is the point in homestatic balance?

A

trying to keep the balance in any given physiological situation or event

so sometime 120/80 or 160/120 (“high”) or 100/60 (“low”)

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24
Q

equation for caridiac output

A

CO = Stroke Volume (ml/beat) x Heart Rate (bpm)

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25
what is resistance?
anything that hinders flow or creates friction
26
what can cause resistance?
viscosity (tends to be constant in health) vessel diameter - biggest factor LDL causes diameter to decrease - bad
27
blood flow equation
blood flow = difference in pressure / resistance
28
brain control on blood flow
targets cardinal output and resistance alters the distribution of blood flow around the body or by changing the diameter of certain blood vessels uses baroreceptor inputs
29
hormone control on blood flow
adrenal medulla release adrenaline and noradrenaline impacts resistance and cardiac output
30
beta blockers actions
prevent noradrenaline binding to cardiac muscle beta 1 receptors, thus preventing increased heart rate and force slower softer heart beet
31
kidney control on blood flow
can alter blood volume - long term blood pressure control hormone influence (renin-angiotensin adlsoertone influence)
32
what does increased cardiac muscle caused by? (hypertrophy)
increase in blood pressure - potentially due to septal defect new tissue is starved of oxygen as cannot create new vessels to feed it
33
what is high BP effect on arteries?
can cause arteries to burst | - lead to organ damage and failure
34
what is the effect of fat or low-density lipoprotein on arteries?
lose elasticity
35
what is the shape of erythrocytes and how is this useful?
biconcave means RNC can accommodate water influx when in hypotonic solution, swells till reaches maximum convexity
36
what is erythrocytes effect on light?
they are tiny particles which disperse light so make solutions cloudy
37
what happens when RBCs haemolyse?
the cells rupture haemoglobin us leaked into the ECF red pigmented solution absorbs light of certain wavelength but does not disperse the light solution is coloured and transparent
38
what is haematocrit/packed cell volume?
fraction of blood occupied by erythrocytes proportion of blood that is occupied by corpuscles expressed as a percentage
39
what is the haematocrit/PCV used for?
used to assess patients for anaemia (as they are deficient in erythrocytes)
40
why is there variations in male and female haemtocrits/PCV?
PCV differs between adult males and females due to females losing a volume of blood each month (mensuration, lower haemtocrit)
41
what does a haemtocrit/PCV look like?
column of packed erythrocytes at the bottom the tube thin white line of blood cells (leucocytes) on top of the erythrocytes - called 'Buffy coat' plasma on top of all cells
42
haematocrit/PCV =
45% fraction of blood occupied by erythrocytes
43
definition of concentration
amount of substance (solute) per volume of solution (solvent) moles per litre millimoles per litre some medicines are expressed as massed per volume standardised into percentages
44
molarity defintion
number of molecules present in a solution
45
osmoarlity defintion
number of particles (ions/molecules) in solution depends on the overall concentration and the degree of dissociation of molecules to ions
46
why is osmolarity important
differences in osmolarity of solutions on either side of a cell membrane can cause water to move across the membrane by osmosis
47
isotonic solution
same osmotic strength as body fluids and in which cells will neither swell nor shrink
48
hypertonic solution
has an osmotic strength greater that that of body fluids | - diffuse out of cell
49
hypotonic solution
osmotic strength less that that of body fluids | - diffuse into cell
50
physiological saline
0.9% sodium chloride solution isotonic (very similar osmotic strength) to blood plasma sodium is the greatest concentrated cation in plasma chloride is the greatest concentrated anion in plasma used for fluid replacement therapy
51
erythrocytes in hypotonic solution
swell and burst less concentrated than plasma e.g. water
52
detergent effect on erythrocytes
all cells have fatty (phospholipid) membrane which is dissolved by detergents - cause haemolysis of RBCs - cell membrane structure disrupted, cell ruptures
53
what are the 2 mechanisms for haemolysis?
membrane destruction e.g. by detergent hypotonic lysis e.g. RBC in water
54
does sucrose cause heamolysis?
isosmotic with plasma (like 0.9% NaCl) does not cause haemolysis - water soluble (rings and many OH groups) - larger - cannot cross lipid bilayer so stays out of cell (not causing lysis)
55
does urea causes haemolysis?
isosmotic with plasma does cause haemolysis - very small molecule - lipid soluble - can enter cell - hypotonic - cell swells and lysis occurs
56
what are the 2 factors needed for a solution to be isotonic with blood plasma?
1. must have same osmolarity as plasma | 2. solute must be impermeant (non-penetrating) with respect to cell membranes
57
is fresh or old blood more robust?
fresh blood is more robust than old blood - fresh able to withstand more as active Na/K pumps as more ATP available Lower levels of Na concentrations cause lysis of fresh blood more as inward leakage of Na so cell becomes hypotonic
58
haemolysed erythrocyte solution is
cloudy and transparent coloured red/pink
59
non-haemolysed erythrocytes solution appearance
see intact erythrocytes sunk to the bottom of tube forma dark red pellet
60
what do RBCs require to protect against haemolysis?
energy (ATP)
61
systolic pressure
maximum pressure aortic valve opens ventricular ejection begins aortic pressure increases rapidly to maximum value
62
diastolic pressure
minimum pressure pressure falls as the rate of ventricular ejection slows
63
dicrotic notch
blip in the falling phase of blood pressure
64
pulse presssure
difference between systolic and diastolic pressure PP = systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
65
mean arterial blood pressure
constant pressure which would result in the same blood flow as the arterial pressure waveform MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 PP
66
diastolic level of arterial blood pressure depends on
the systolic pressure the rate of fall of pressure the time which elsaspses before the next heart beat
67
end systolic volume
temporary 'storage' of the part of the stroke volume during the ejection period and subsequent elastic recoil serves to smooth out the flow of blood in circulation - so flow can continue during diastole
68
pulse pressure is dependent on
the stroke volume which the arteries have to store the arterial compliance
69
compliance is
measure of the change in volume for given change in pressure more compliant the arteries = the easier they distend
70
what does arterial compliance depend on?
the physical properties of the arterial wall; value of the mean arterial pressure - arteries become less compliant at higher pressures as already distended
71
what does elastic recoil of arteries do?
maintain pressure in artier when the ventricle relaxes and ejection stops
72
what happens to BP during tilt?
initially goes down | but then increases
73
hypovoleamia
reduction in circulating blood volume MABP falls as venous return is reduced causing decreased SV
74
postural hypotension
individual experiences transient fall in BP when they stand up suddenly after lying down
75
are veins or arteries more compliant?
veins are more compliant than arteries walls distend easily when pressure inside of them is increased
76
what happens to blood vessels when you stand?
lying down all vessels in line with heart so pressure inside vessels not affected by weight of blood stand up - increase BP for vessels below heart by amount equivalent to weight of blood in the vessels between the point on body and heart increased BP will distend vessel walls - veins more compliant, so more distension than arteries - venous return is consequently decreased
77
venous pooling
decreased venous return due to increased distension of veins (as of increased BP) remedy - increase the tone in smooth muscles of the leg to decrease the compliance
78
what determines the form of the pressure wave of arterial pulse?
stroke volume rate of ejection compliance of arterial system
79
what peripheral pulse is commonly used?
radial pulse
80
what do you need to note when taking a pulse?
rate (whole minute ideally) rhythm
81
superficial pulse points on head
superficial temporal artery - in front of ear anterior brach of temporal artery - in front but up slightly from ear facial artery - angle of jaw carotid artery - in neck
82
where should the electrodes fro ECG be places?
``` triangle around heart - left shoulder - right shoulder - lower abdomen/left leg (optional reference on the right leg) ```
83
3 important points on information gained by an Electrocardiogram (ECG)
ECG record the total electrical activity (APs) produced by cardiac muscle ECG provides information about the rhythm or regularity of the heart beat ECG gives no information about the strength of heart's contraction
84
ECG P wave
arterial depolarisation
85
ECG QRS complex
depolarisation of ventricle
86
ECG T wave
repolaristaion of ventricle
87
Q-T duration on ECG
time the action potential in ventricular muscle
88
P-R interval on ECG
time for the impulse to travel from the SA node tot he ventricular muscle
89
base line noise on ECG
can make waves (Q wave) hard to see so P-R interval used instead of P-Q
90
Q-T interval on ECG
duration of ventricular systole (emptying/ejecting)
91
T-Q interval on ECG
duration of ventricular diastole (filling)
92
R-R interval on ECG
duration of cardiac cycle can calculate instantaneous heart rate e.g. 1 sec R-R is 60bpm

CVS BDS1 (1 decks)

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