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CVS BDS1 > blood, vessels and pressure control > Flashcards

blood, vessels and pressure control Flashcards

1
Q

what are the qualities of blood vessels?

A

active dynamic organs, that form a closed system that begins and ends at the heart

deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells

carry away waste products

part of maintaining blood pressure

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2
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from heart
oxygenated

pressure reservoirs
elastic

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3
Q

3 types of artery

A

elastic

muscular

arterioles

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4
Q

example of elastic artery

A

aorta and branches

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5
Q

elastic artery function

A

dampens pressure to avoid damage to smaller, more rigid vessels

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6
Q

muscular artery function

A

distribute blood to specific body parts
brach into arterioles

less elastic

thick tunica media

e.g. radial artery, splenic artery, femoral artery

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7
Q

veins

A

carry blood towards heart
deoxygenated

blood reservoir

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8
Q

venous valves

A

prevent back flow of deoxygenated blood in lower limbs

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9
Q

capillaries functions

A

transfer station between arteries and veins
- exchange nutrients and waste

play a role in thermoregulation

  • precapillary smooth muscle sphincter
  • less blood exposed = less heart lost
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10
Q

arterioles

A

mini arteries that branch out into capillaries

control distribution

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11
Q

venules

A

smallest vein component that suck blood out of capillaries

merge into a larger vein

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12
Q

what happens to pressure as liquid travels through circulation?

A

pressure drops as liquids travel from high to low pressure

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13
Q

what parts of the CVS contain deoxygenated blood?

A

veins –> superior and inferior vena cava

right atrium

right ventricle

pulmonary arteries

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14
Q

what parts of the CVS contain oxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary veins

left atrium

left ventricle

aorta –> arteries

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15
Q

what are the 3 layers of tissue in blood vessels?

A

tunica intima (innermost)

tunica media

tunica externa/adventitia (outermost)

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16
Q

tunica intimate composed of

A

endothelium

connective tissue

internal elastic membrane

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17
Q

what is endothelium?

A

simple squamous epithelium

continuous with lining of heart

form slick surface to allow blood to move without friction

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18
Q

tunica media composed of

A

smooth muscle cells and sheet of elastin protein

external elastic membrane

key role in blood pressure and flow
- smaller diameter vessel the resistance in increased, harder it is for flow

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19
Q

what regulates lumen diameter in blood vessels?

A

parts regulated by neurofibres of Autonomic Nervous System

act on tunica media

key role in blood pressure and flow
- smaller diameter vessel the resistance is increased, harder it is for flow

decrease lumen diameter by vasoconstriction
expand lumen diameter by relaxation of smooth muscle in vasodilation

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20
Q

what is hypertension?

A

chronic high blood pressure

causes serious damage to heart that creates high BP and vessels which have withstood it

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21
Q

3 contributors to blood pressure

A

emotional stress

physical exertion

dehydration

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22
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

volume of blood flowing through any given vessels (or through the circulatory system as a whole) per minute

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23
Q

what is the point in homestatic balance?

A

trying to keep the balance in any given physiological situation or event

so sometime 120/80 or 160/120 (“high”) or 100/60 (“low”)

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24
Q

equation for caridiac output

A

CO = Stroke Volume (ml/beat) x Heart Rate (bpm)

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25
Q

what is resistance?

A

anything that hinders flow or creates friction

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26
Q

what can cause resistance?

A

viscosity (tends to be constant in health)

vessel diameter - biggest factor
LDL causes diameter to decrease - bad

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27
Q

blood flow equation

A

blood flow = difference in pressure / resistance

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28
Q

brain control on blood flow

A

targets cardinal output and resistance

alters the distribution of blood flow around the body or by changing the diameter of certain blood vessels

uses baroreceptor inputs

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29
Q

hormone control on blood flow

A

adrenal medulla release adrenaline and noradrenaline

impacts resistance and cardiac output

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30
Q

beta blockers actions

A

prevent noradrenaline binding to cardiac muscle beta 1 receptors, thus preventing increased heart rate and force

slower softer heart beet

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31
Q

kidney control on blood flow

A

can alter blood volume
- long term blood pressure control

hormone influence (renin-angiotensin adlsoertone influence)

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32
Q

what does increased cardiac muscle caused by? (hypertrophy)

A

increase in blood pressure
- potentially due to septal defect

new tissue is starved of oxygen as cannot create new vessels to feed it

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33
Q

what is high BP effect on arteries?

A

can cause arteries to burst

- lead to organ damage and failure

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34
Q

what is the effect of fat or low-density lipoprotein on arteries?

A

lose elasticity

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35
Q

what is the shape of erythrocytes and how is this useful?

A

biconcave

means RNC can accommodate water influx when in hypotonic solution, swells till reaches maximum convexity

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36
Q

what is erythrocytes effect on light?

A

they are tiny particles which disperse light so make solutions cloudy

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37
Q

what happens when RBCs haemolyse?

A

the cells rupture

haemoglobin us leaked into the ECF

red pigmented solution absorbs light of certain wavelength but does not disperse the light

solution is coloured and transparent

38
Q

what is haematocrit/packed cell volume?

A

fraction of blood occupied by erythrocytes

proportion of blood that is occupied by corpuscles expressed as a percentage

39
Q

what is the haematocrit/PCV used for?

A

used to assess patients for anaemia (as they are deficient in erythrocytes)

40
Q

why is there variations in male and female haemtocrits/PCV?

A

PCV differs between adult males and females due to females losing a volume of blood each month (mensuration, lower haemtocrit)

41
Q

what does a haemtocrit/PCV look like?

A

column of packed erythrocytes at the bottom the tube

thin white line of blood cells (leucocytes) on top of the erythrocytes - called ‘Buffy coat’

plasma on top of all cells

42
Q

haematocrit/PCV =

A

45%

fraction of blood occupied by erythrocytes

43
Q

definition of concentration

A

amount of substance (solute) per volume of solution (solvent)

moles per litre
millimoles per litre

some medicines are expressed as massed per volume standardised into percentages

44
Q

molarity defintion

A

number of molecules present in a solution

45
Q

osmoarlity defintion

A

number of particles (ions/molecules) in solution

depends on the overall concentration and the degree of dissociation of molecules to ions

46
Q

why is osmolarity important

A

differences in osmolarity of solutions on either side of a cell membrane can cause water to move across the membrane
by osmosis

47
Q

isotonic solution

A

same osmotic strength as body fluids and in which cells will neither swell nor shrink

48
Q

hypertonic solution

A

has an osmotic strength greater that that of body fluids

- diffuse out of cell

49
Q

hypotonic solution

A

osmotic strength less that that of body fluids

- diffuse into cell

50
Q

physiological saline

A

0.9% sodium chloride solution

isotonic (very similar osmotic strength) to blood plasma

sodium is the greatest concentrated cation in plasma
chloride is the greatest concentrated anion in plasma

used for fluid replacement therapy

51
Q

erythrocytes in hypotonic solution

A

swell and burst

less concentrated than plasma e.g. water

52
Q

detergent effect on erythrocytes

A

all cells have fatty (phospholipid) membrane

which is dissolved by detergents

  • cause haemolysis of RBCs
  • cell membrane structure disrupted, cell ruptures
53
Q

what are the 2 mechanisms for haemolysis?

A

membrane destruction e.g. by detergent

hypotonic lysis e.g. RBC in water

54
Q

does sucrose cause heamolysis?

A

isosmotic with plasma (like 0.9% NaCl)

does not cause haemolysis

  • water soluble (rings and many OH groups)
  • larger
  • cannot cross lipid bilayer so stays out of cell (not causing lysis)
55
Q

does urea causes haemolysis?

A

isosmotic with plasma

does cause haemolysis

  • very small molecule
  • lipid soluble - can enter cell
  • hypotonic
  • cell swells and lysis occurs
56
Q

what are the 2 factors needed for a solution to be isotonic with blood plasma?

A
  1. must have same osmolarity as plasma

2. solute must be impermeant (non-penetrating) with respect to cell membranes

57
Q

is fresh or old blood more robust?

A

fresh blood is more robust than old blood
- fresh able to withstand more as active Na/K pumps as more ATP available

Lower levels of Na concentrations cause lysis of fresh blood more as inward leakage of Na so cell becomes hypotonic

58
Q

haemolysed erythrocyte solution is

A

cloudy and transparent

coloured red/pink

59
Q

non-haemolysed erythrocytes solution appearance

A

see intact erythrocytes sunk to the bottom of tube

forma dark red pellet

60
Q

what do RBCs require to protect against haemolysis?

A

energy (ATP)

61
Q

systolic pressure

A

maximum pressure

aortic valve opens
ventricular ejection begins
aortic pressure increases rapidly to maximum value

62
Q

diastolic pressure

A

minimum pressure

pressure falls as the rate of ventricular ejection slows

63
Q

dicrotic notch

A

blip in the falling phase of blood pressure

64
Q

pulse presssure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

PP = systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

65
Q

mean arterial blood pressure

A

constant pressure which would result in the same blood flow as the arterial pressure waveform

MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 PP

66
Q

diastolic level of arterial blood pressure depends on

A

the systolic pressure

the rate of fall of pressure

the time which elsaspses before the next heart beat

67
Q

end systolic volume

A

temporary ‘storage’ of the part of the stroke volume during the ejection period and subsequent elastic recoil

serves to smooth out the flow of blood in circulation - so flow can continue during diastole

68
Q

pulse pressure is dependent on

A

the stroke volume which the arteries have to store

the arterial compliance

69
Q

compliance is

A

measure of the change in volume for given change in pressure

more compliant the arteries = the easier they distend

70
Q

what does arterial compliance depend on?

A

the physical properties of the arterial wall;

value of the mean arterial pressure
- arteries become less compliant at higher pressures as already distended

71
Q

what does elastic recoil of arteries do?

A

maintain pressure in artier when the ventricle relaxes and ejection stops

72
Q

what happens to BP during tilt?

A

initially goes down

but then increases

73
Q

hypovoleamia

A

reduction in circulating blood volume

MABP falls as venous return is reduced causing decreased SV

74
Q

postural hypotension

A

individual experiences transient fall in BP when they stand up suddenly after lying down

75
Q

are veins or arteries more compliant?

A

veins are more compliant than arteries

walls distend easily when pressure inside of them is increased

76
Q

what happens to blood vessels when you stand?

A

lying down all vessels in line with heart so pressure inside vessels not affected by weight of blood

stand up - increase BP for vessels below heart by amount equivalent to weight of blood in the vessels between the point on body and heart

increased BP will distend vessel walls

  • veins more compliant, so more distension than arteries
  • venous return is consequently decreased
77
Q

venous pooling

A

decreased venous return due to increased distension of veins (as of increased BP)

remedy - increase the tone in smooth muscles of the leg to decrease the compliance

78
Q

what determines the form of the pressure wave of arterial pulse?

A

stroke volume
rate of ejection
compliance of arterial system

79
Q

what peripheral pulse is commonly used?

A

radial pulse

80
Q

what do you need to note when taking a pulse?

A

rate (whole minute ideally)

rhythm

81
Q

superficial pulse points on head

A

superficial temporal artery
- in front of ear

anterior brach of temporal artery
- in front but up slightly from ear

facial artery
- angle of jaw

carotid artery
- in neck

82
Q

where should the electrodes fro ECG be places?

A 
triangle around heart
- left shoulder
- right shoulder
- lower abdomen/left leg
(optional reference on the right leg)
83
Q

3 important points on information gained by an Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

ECG record the total electrical activity (APs) produced by cardiac muscle

ECG provides information about the rhythm or regularity of the heart beat

ECG gives no information about the strength of heart’s contraction

84
Q

ECG P wave

A

arterial depolarisation

85
Q

ECG QRS complex

A

depolarisation of ventricle

86
Q

ECG T wave

A

repolaristaion of ventricle

87
Q

Q-T duration on ECG

A

time the action potential in ventricular muscle

88
Q

P-R interval on ECG

A

time for the impulse to travel from the SA node tot he ventricular muscle

89
Q

base line noise on ECG

A

can make waves (Q wave) hard to see

so P-R interval used instead of P-Q

90
Q

Q-T interval on ECG

A

duration of ventricular systole (emptying/ejecting)

91
Q

T-Q interval on ECG

A

duration of ventricular diastole (filling)

92
Q

R-R interval on ECG

A

duration of cardiac cycle

can calculate instantaneous heart rate
e.g. 1 sec R-R is 60bpm

CVS BDS1 (1 decks)

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