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Biology 14 Exam 3 > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

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1
Q

Name blood vessels going from and back to the heart

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

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2
Q

Arteries typically ______ the heart with _________ blood. The _____________ is an exception.

A

leave
oxygenated
Pulmonary Artery

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3
Q

Name the three layers of large and medium-sized arteries and veins (which one is elastic?)

A

1) Tunica externa
2) Tunica media (elastic fibers)
3) Tunica interna

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4
Q

Name the three layers of arterioles:

A

1) Precapillary sphincter
2) Endothelium
3) Lumen

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5
Q

What is the main kind of cell in blood vessels? What kind of muscle is the precapillary sphincter?

A

Endothelial cells

Smooth muscle

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6
Q

Name and describe 3 types of capillaries (with three specific terms to describe spacing):

A

1) Continuous (with Tight Junctions)
2) Fenestrated (with Fenestrae, or small holes)
3) Sinusoidal (with spaces between cells, called INTRACELLULAR CLEFT)

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7
Q

What is a difference between arterioles and venuoles?

A

No smooth muscle around venuoles!

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8
Q

What is the primary roles of arteries? How do they do this?

A

Serve as a PRESSURE RESERVE, by undergoing VASODILATION and VASOCONSTRICTION. The ELASTICITY of arteries (especially in LARGE DIAMETER ARTERIES) helps to propel blood onward even after ventricular relaxation. ex. AORTA

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9
Q

What is the primary roles of capillaries? How do they do this?

A

Important for GAS EXCHANGE and molecule exchange, do this by being extremely thin

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10
Q

What is the primary roles of veins?

A

Serve as a VOLUME RESERVE

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11
Q

What is a path directly from arteriole to venule called? Describe how it works

A
  • Metarteriole
  • If the precapillary sphincter tightens, it can shunt blood away from a capillary bed, through the metarteriole and directly to venule.
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12
Q

The precapillary sphincter controls blood flow to a ______________

A

Capillary Bed

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13
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation of blood vessels cause?

A

Narrowing of artery diameter, increase in blood pressure

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14
Q

Arteries have ______ blood pressure, veins have _______ blood pressure

A

High, low

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15
Q

Where does the majority of blood pressure drop occur? Why?

A

in the Arterioles and Capillaries. Because there are so many paths to take

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16
Q

Name the pressure in the aorta (during systole and diastole)
Name the pressure for blood entering the capillaries
Name the pressure for blood entering the right atrium

A
  • Aorta: 120 mm Hg during systole, 80 mm Hg during diastole
  • 35 mm Hg entering the capillaries
  • 0 mm Hg entering the right atrium
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17
Q

What doe we call the continual sympathetic stimulation of arterioles in the skin and abdominal viscera? Describe it it four words. Why does this happen?

A
  • Vasomotor Tone
  • “Baseline level of vasoconstriction”
  • Provides an additional degree of flexibility in regulation, more or less sympathetic stimulation= more or vasoconstriction
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18
Q

Name three molecules that are exchanged between capillaries and muscles, with direction

A

Capillary to Muscle: Oxygen and Glucose

Muscle to Capillary: Carbon dioxide

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19
Q

Discuss the response of the vascular system to low oxygen/ high waste levels in tissues

A

The SYSTEMIC ARTERIOLES DILATE, to get more oxygen to the tissues (e.g. skeletal muscle). But, the arterioles in the lung actually CONSTRICT to reduce flow to unventilated areas! This entrie system has NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

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20
Q

What do we call flow out of a capillary? What do we call flow into a capillary? What do we use to quantify this idea? Describe how this changes through space

A

Filtration
Re-Absorption
Net Filtration Pressure
The osmotic pressure is constant, but the pressure on the walls of the capillary changes and gets lower as we get farther from the heart. When the capillary pressure is higher than the capillary osmotic pressure, we get filtration, and vice versa to get reabsorption.

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21
Q

How do we quantify net filtration pressure (give the name of the equation and the equation)?

A

Starling principle

Net filtraiton pressure= Pcap+Osmotic force(interstitial fluid)- P(intersitial fluid)-Osmotic force (cap)

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22
Q

So, filtration occurs by the ________ end of the capillary, and reabsorbtion by the ______ end

A

Arterial

Venous

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23
Q

Discuss the ratio of fluid filtered vs. reabsorbed by capillaries (and give specific theory name)

A

Starling’s Law: the volume of fluids and solutes reabsorbed vs. filtered by the capillary is almost exactly equal. 20 L is filtered every day, 17 L is reabsorbed by the capillary, and 3 liters are collected by the lympatic system and returned.

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24
Q

What happens when filtration exceeds reabsorbtion, give a specific:

  • Name
  • Cutoff
  • Causes
A

Edema
Not noticeable until 30% above normal
Can be the result of excess filtration caused by hypertension (increased blood pressure), or inadequate reabsorbtion (due to decreased concentration of blood plasma proteins)

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25
Q

What are two common external symptoms of edema?

A 
Swollen ankles
Swollen stomach (due to inadequate blood proteins)
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26
Q

Describe the distribution of blood volume in the body

A 
60% in systemic veins and venuoles
15% in systemic arteries and arterioles
12% in pulmonary vessels
8% in the heart
5% in systemic capillaries
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27
Q

Name the two mechanisms that power blood through the veins and back to the heart

A

1) Skeletal Muscle Pump

2) Respiratory Pump

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28
Q

Name the three parts of a skeletal muscle pump. Where are they found?

A

Two valves (one before and one after) and skeletal muscle. Found within large veins in skeletal muscles. A muscle contraction squeezes the pump and pumps the blood.

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29
Q

What causes vericose veins?

A

1) Leaky venous valves (mechanical stress from standing or pregnancy)

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30
Q

Are deeper veins susceptible to becoming varicose? Why/why not?

A

No, b/c they are supported by the surrounding muscle

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31
Q

Describe how the respiratory pump works

A

During inhalation, the diaphragm moves down and increases pressure in the abdomen, compressing veins

32
Q

Discuss vasoconstriction/dilation in the giraffe

A

When standing up, constricts vessels in lower part of body to force blood to head, relaxes them when lowering head to avoid overload

33
Q

What do we call the space between capillaries?

A

Interstitial space

34
Q

What does the lymph system do?

A

Collects blood that is not reabsorbed by the veins. Called interstitial fluid

35
Q

Name the lymph vessels in order from smallest to largest

A

lymph capillaries, lymp ducts, lymphatic vessels

36
Q

Where does the lymph system connect to the venous system?

A

At the vena cava

37
Q

Describe one interesting feature of the lymph system

A

Lymph nodes: collecctions of cells from the immune system, serve as collecting zones for bad things

38
Q

What do we call the partial blockade of a vessel by plaque? What is in the plaque?

A

Atherosclerosis

Plaque contains fat, cholesterol, macrophages, smooth muscle cells, connective tissue

39
Q

Name two possible responses to Coronary Artery Occlusion

A

1) Balloon catheterization

2) Surgical coronary artery bypass

40
Q

Describe blood composition (name 3 proteins for the relevant category)

A

55% plasma- Plasma proteins: Albumins, Globulin, Fibrinogen
45% Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)
1% White blod cells: leukocytes and platelets

41
Q

What is the term for the percent of blood that is red blood cells?

A

Hematocrit

42
Q

Do erythrocytes have nucleus? Organelles?

A

Both no!

43
Q

What in erythrocytes binds and transports oxygen?

A

Hemoglobin

44
Q

What shape are erythrocytes? Why?

A

Concave, to increase surface area

45
Q

What is the average human erythrocyte lifespan?

A

120 days

46
Q

How many erythrocytes do we have per microliter of blood?

A

5 million

47
Q

How many erythrocytes wide is a capillary?

A

About one!

48
Q

Where are red blood cells…

  • Produced?
  • Stored?
  • Broken down?
A
  • Produced in bone barrow
  • Stored in liver and spleen
  • Broken down in spleen
49
Q

What element is important to red blood cell fucntion? where is this metabolized

A

Iron, metabolized in liver

50
Q

Describe the blood types by percentage. What is the universal donor? What are the anibodies that each has?What is the universal acceptor?

A

A- 42% (anti-B)
B 10% (anti-A)
AB-3% universal acceptor (neither anti-A nor anti-B)
O- 45% universal donor (both anti-A and anti-B)

51
Q

What is the term for white blood cells:

A

Leukocytes

52
Q

Name four white blood cell types, and give a function:

A
  • Lymphocytes (e.g. T-cells and B- cells)(immune response)
  • Macrophages (engulf foreign particles)
  • Granulocytes
    =neutrophils (engulfforeign particles)
    = eosinophils (allergic response)
    = basophils (inflammation)
  • Thrombocytes (i.e. platelets) (clotting)
53
Q

What is the major kind of stem cell for all blood cells? What is the stem cell for erythrocytes, platelates, macrophages, granulocytes and thrombocytes (plateltes)? How about for lymphocytes?

A

Hematopoietic stem cell
Myeloid stem cell
Lymphoid stem cell

54
Q

What is it called when a macrophage engulfs a foreign particle?

A

Phagocytosis

55
Q

What are the projections on macrophages called?

A

Pseudopods

56
Q

What are the three components of a blood clot?

A

1) Platelets (thrombocytes)
2) Red blood cells
3) Fibrin mesh

57
Q

What is the purpose of the Fibrin network?

A

To trap red blood cells!

58
Q

Discuss the formation of a blood clot.

A

When the vessel is damaged, COLLAGEN is exposed. This causes the activation and aggregation of PLATELETS. It also causes the synthesis of THROMBOXANE, which leads to the release of NO and PGI2, which all 3 lead to the constriction of SMOOTH MUSCLE and the vessel. Also activated is PROTHROMBIN, which is cleaved to THROMBIN, which activates FIBRINOGEN, which activates FIBRIN.

59
Q

What disease means “white blood”? Describe it

A

Lukemia:
A type of cancer of the blood or bone marrow, leads to abnomral increase in the number of immature white blood cells. Causes unknown. Results in a lack of blood platelets andfewer red blood cells. Leads to problems clotting, anemia, and less ability to fight off infection.

60
Q

What is anemia?

A

Low red blood cell count

61
Q

What are the two types of lukemia? Describe

A

Actute lukemia: rapid buildup of immature white blood cells

Chronic lukemia: Excessive build up of mature, but still abnormal, white blood cells

62
Q

What are the sounds we hear when taking blood pressure? What do we get when we first start hearing them? When they disappear? How does it work?

A

Korotkoff sounds
Systolic Pressure (~120)
Diastolic Pressure (~80)
Heart can only pump blood when blood pressure is greater than cuff presssure. Amount of TURBULENCE corresponds to pressure and sound.

63
Q

What is Mean Arterial Pressure at average heart rates? At high heart rates? Why?

A

average heart rate: =2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure (so 93 mm Hg)
high heart rate: = true average

b/c we spend more time in systole than diastole!

64
Q

What regulates blood pressure? What are two specific ones called?

A

Baroreceptors

Carotid Bodies, Aortic Bodies

65
Q

What nerve carries information from the carotid bodies?

A

Carotid Sinus Nerve

66
Q

What nerve carries information from the aortic bodies bodies?

A

Vagus Nerve

67
Q

What is the main vessel that carries blood to the head?

A

Carotid artery

68
Q

What do the baroreceptors sense? How about chemoreceptors?

A
  • Baro: MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE!

- Chemo: Changes in blood levels of oxycen (hypoxia), carbon dioxide (hypercapnia), or protons (acidosis).

69
Q

What do the baroreceptors stimulate?

A

Cardiovascular center

70
Q

Describe the baroreceptor response to increased MAP

A
  • Baroreceptors fire, sending signal through afferent neurons to the CARDIOVASCULAR CONTROL CENTER (in medulla), results in PARASYMPATHETIC OUTPUT and decreased NOREPINEPHRINE RESLEASE. Increases VASODILATION (via arteriolar smooth muscle),decreases FORCE of VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION (via ventricular myocardium) and decreases HEART RATE (via SA node). Leads to negative feedback. Overall effect is to decrease stroke volume (called INOTROPIC EFFECT).
71
Q

What do we call volume loss?

A

Hemorrhage

72
Q

What is the body’s response to hemmorhage?

A

The opposite of its response to increased MAP

73
Q

Name four inputs to Cardiovascular Conrol Center in Medulla.

A

1) Higher brain centers (cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus)
2) Proprioceptors: monitor joint movements
3) Baroreceptors: monitor blood pressure
4) Chemoreceptors: monitor blood acidity, carbon dioxide levels, and oxygen levels

74
Q

What are the outputs from the Cardiovascular Control Center, with effect and sympathetic/parasympathetic

A
  • Vagus nerve (X): Decreased heart rate, parasympathetic
    Cardiac accelerator nerve: increased heart rate, sympathetic
    Vasomotor nerves: vasoconstriction, sympathetic
75
Q

What do we call sudden fainting? What are three causes

A

Syncope

1) vasodepressor syncope: sudden emotional stress
2) drug-induced syncope
3) orthostatic hypothension: decrease in blood pressure upon standing

Biology 14 Exam 3 (8 decks)

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