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the heart and circulation > blood vessels > Flashcards

blood vessels Flashcards

1
Q

what is the name of the epithelial cells that line blood vessels?

A

endothelium. the endothelium plays a role in preventing blood from coagulating and has other specials function related to blood.

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2
Q

what is the name of the three layers of tissue from deep to superficial that make up blood vessels?

A

tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia/externa. the relative thickness and proportional make up of each tissue type varies with each vessel type.

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3
Q

elastic/conducting arteries

A

this class of blood vessels are very large and receive blood directly from the heart and include the aorta and its primary trunks. these are usually yellow in colour due to the thick layer of elastic tissue present in the walls.

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4
Q

muscular/distributing arteries

A

these blood vessels are medium in size and have a relatively thick tunica media composed of muscle to control the flow of blood to various organs. this class of blood vessel includes most of the named arteries in the body.

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5
Q

arterioles

A

vessels with a relatively thick muscle layer and narrow lumen that control the flow of blood to capillary beds

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6
Q

metarterioles

A

vessels with a lumen that is the same diameter of lumen as the capillaries they empty into. they are composed of a single layer of muscle cells only that surround the endothelium

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7
Q

capillaries

A

the smallest blood vessel that allows the passage of only a single red blood cell. composed of a tube of endothelium only.

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8
Q

venules

A

blood vessels that drain blood from the capillaries. composed of a very permeable wall consisting of an endothelial lining and elastic tissue

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9
Q

veins

A

carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. compared to arteries of the same external diameter they have a larger lumen and thinner wall. carry blood at low pressure.

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10
Q

where is the heart located and what are it’s surroundings?

A

the heart is located in the centre of the chest, between the two lungs (surrounded by pleura), in the middle mediastinum. It its lined by the pericardium.

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11
Q

the pericardium

A

a membrane that surrounds the heart. composed of 3 layers: the outer fibrous layer, the middle parietal layer and the inner visceral layer. The parietal and visceral layers make up the serous membrane which secretes fluid to lubricate and for some protection.

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12
Q

systemic circulation

A

the circulation of blood around the organs, returning via the vena cava.

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13
Q

right atria

A

receives deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation from the superior and inferior vena cava and also from the coronary sinus (which returns deoxygenated blood from the cardiac circulation).

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14
Q

valve that connects the right atrium and ventricle during atrial systole

A

the tricuspid valve

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15
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle during ventricular systole and enters the pulmonary trunk before dividing into the left and right pulmonary arteries where it is oxygenated in the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atria of the heart via the 4 (left inferior and superior; right inferior and superior) pulmonary veins.

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16
Q

mitral valve

A

valve that oxygenated blood passes through from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

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17
Q

papillary muscles

A

muscles fibres within the ventricles that send tendinous cords to the edges of the valve cusps. the papillary muscles and tedious cords prevent cusp eversion into the atria during ventricle contraction

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18
Q

tendinous cords

A

cords supporting the tricuspid and bicuspid valves

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19
Q

diastole

A

the period of relaxation when the heart relaxes and blood enters.

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20
Q

coronary arteries

A

blood vessels that supply the cardiac muscle with oxygenated blood. There are 2 located just above the aortic valves. they only fill during diastole.

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21
Q

coronary sinus

A

the coronary sinus is the blood vessel that returns deoxygenated blood from the cardiac muscle to the right atria.

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22
Q

fossa ovalis

A

during the foetal stage of life there is an opening between the right and left atria called the foramen ovale where oxygenated blood from the mother passes through. this closes with the first breath the baby takes and becomes the fossa ovalis.

23
Q

internal jugular veins

A

veins located next to the carotid arteries in the neck

24
Q

subclavian veins

A

veins that pass inferior to the clavicle

25
Q

axillary vein

A

vein that passes through the armpit

26
Q

cephalic and basic veins

A

veins in the upper arm

27
Q

brachial veins

A

veins that run next to the brachial arteries in the antecubital fossa

28
Q

great saphenous vein

A

vein on the medial part of the thigh

29
Q

small saphenous vein

A

vein that passes in between the tibia and fibula

30
Q

external iliac vein

A

vein that passes through the groin

31
Q

internal iliac vein

A

vein that passes through the pelvis

32
Q

brachiocephalic trunk

A

branch of the aortic arch that then splits into right subclavian and right common carotid arteries

33
Q

arterial anastomosis

A

the deep and superficial palmar arches are supplied by both the radial and ulnar arteries. this ensures that there is a blood supply to the hand no matter what position the joints are in. all joints are supplied by arterial anastomosis.

34
Q

popliteal artery and veins

A

blood vessels that form from the femoral blood vessels and pass behind the knee

35
Q

which renal vein is longer, left or right?

A

the left renal vein is longer

36
Q

venae comitante

A

smaller arteries (e.g. radial artery) have small accompanying veins surrounding them. this aids blood return to the heart since the veins receive the pulsations from the arteries. the artery and venue comitantes are all surrounded by a vascular sheath.

37
Q

pre capillary sphincters

A

muscles that constrict and prevent blood flow to the capillary beds. on the branches of the met arterioles.

38
Q

median cubital vein

A

vein that links the cephalic and basilica veins in front of the elbow joint

39
Q

interstitial fluid

A

fluid that the cells of the body are bathed in. some of this fluid leaks from spaces between the endothelial cells in the capillaries. it is mostly returned to the venous side of the capillary beds by osmotic pressure. some of it is not though, which is picked up by the lymphatic system.

40
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

thin walled endothelial tubes usually located in the capillary beds that pick up interstitial fluid

41
Q

superficial lymph vessels

A

usually associated with veins

42
Q

deep lymphatic vessels

A

usually closely located to arteries

43
Q

lymph nodes

A

located along the length of lymph vessels at specific sites, these filter the lymph fluid. are the site of synthesis and production of T and B lymphocyte cells

44
Q

where are the three palpable lymph nodes located?

A

inguinal, axillary and cervical

45
Q

inguinal lymph nodes

A

superficial: alongside the great saphenous vein in the groin; deep: alongside femoral vein; drains the lower limb and buttock, external genitalia, lower back and lower abdominal wall (below umbilicus)

46
Q

axillary lymph nodes

A

related to the axillary vein and artery; lateral to or deep to pectorals minor. drain: upper limb anterior and posterior thoracic walls, upper abdominal wall and breast

47
Q

cervical lymph nodes

A

under jaw, behind ear, alongside jugular veins. drain: head and neck

48
Q

thoracic duct

A

the largest lymph vessel, drains lymph back into the venous system to the junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular vein (the brachiocephalic vein)

49
Q

what is the role of the lymphatic system in the spread of cancer? Metastasis

A

malignant cells may become detached from a tumour and picked up by the lymphatic vessel. the malignant cell then travels to a lymph node where it may give rise to a secondary tumour. This process is known as metastasis.

50
Q

LAB RAT

A

left atrium bicuspid right atrium tricuspid

51
Q

what type of valves do the aorta and pulmonary blood vessels have and how do they function?

A

semi lunar ‘watch pocket’ cusps. During systole (when the ventricles contract) blood passes through the vessels forcing the valves against the vessel wall. during diastole (when the ventricles relax) elastic recoil forces blood between the cusps and vessel wall, forcing them shut.

52
Q

the Sino-atrial node (SA node)

A

located in the upper region of the right atria, where the electoral signal for contraction of the cardiac muscle starts. the wave of conduction (and contraction) passes from the SA node to the AV node.

53
Q

Bundle of His

A

structure of nodes located just after the AV node through which the wave of conduction passes through to reach the ventricles via the left and right bundle branches.

the heart and circulation (1 decks)

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