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Nicky Blood & Vessels BMS192 > Blood & Vessels > Flashcards

Blood & Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of blood cells?

A
  • RBC
    Transport & regulation
  • WBC
    Protection

PLASMA
Intracellular substance of blood

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2
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

Clotting

The sequence of events that stops bleeding from a damaged blood vessel

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3
Q

What is a haematocrit?

A

The percentage of blood that is composed of RBC

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4
Q

What are the formed elements of blood & their major functions?

A

RBC - carry oxygen

WBC - immunity

Platelets - clotting

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5
Q

What are the 3 components of blood plasma?

A

water

proteins

  • albumin
  • maintain blood osmotic pressure
  • globulins
  • fibrinogen

solutes other than proteins

  • electrolytes
  • nutrients
  • gases
  • vitamins & wastes
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6
Q

What is haemopoiesis? Where does it occur?

A

Process which formed elements develop.

Before birth - occurs in liver, spleen, thymus & lymph nodes of a foetus

Last trimester & beyond - occurs in red bone marrow

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7
Q

What is the structure of an erythrocyte & what do they contain?

A
  • biconcave disc
  • lack of nucleus & other organelles
  • consists of a plasma membrane, cytosol & haemoglobin
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8
Q

What is haemoglobin & what does it do?

A
  • protein complex
  • contains pigment called ‘haeme’ that binds to iron
  • transports approx 13% of CO2
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9
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Production of RBCs

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10
Q

What hormone controls erythropoiesis?

A

EPO - erythropoietin

  • hormone that stimulates RBC production
  • secretion increases in response to decreased blood oxygen level
  • released by the kidneys
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11
Q

How are old & damaged RBCs removed from the blood?

A
  • macrophages
  • haemoglobin broken down
  • iron recycled
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12
Q

What are WBCs & how are they classified?

A
  • immune cells

- granular or agranular

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13
Q

What are the 5 types of WBCs?

A

GRANULAR

  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils

AGRANULAR

  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes
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14
Q

GRANULAR WBCs

A

EOSINOPHILS

  • anti inflammatory
  • phagocytise antigen-antibody complexes
  • attach parasitic worms

BASOPHILS

  • releases histamine
  • stimulate inflammation
  • involved in allergic reaction

NEUTROPHILS

  • attack bacteria & fungi
  • release anti-microbial chemicals
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15
Q

AGRANULAR WBCs

A

MONOCYTES

  • develop into macrophages & phagocytise microbes
  • clean up cellular debris a following damage

LYMPHOCYTES

  • B cells differentiate into cells that produce antibodies
  • T cells attack viruses, cancer
  • NK cells attack various infections, microbes & cancers
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16
Q

What are platelets?

A
  • thrombocytes

- cell fragments

17
Q

What are the 3 stages of haemostasis?

A
  • vascular phase
  • platelet phase
  • coagulation phase
18
Q

What activates blood clotting?

A
  • clotting factors activated prothrombin is formed
  • converted to thrombin
  • thrombin converts fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads
  • fibrin traps cells, platelets & fluid
19
Q

What is the clot reaction?

A
  • tightening of a fibrin clot
  • platelets contract, pulls edges of damaged vessel together
  • fibroblasts begin forming connective tissue over captured area
  • new cells arise & vessel lining is repaired
20
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A
  • breaking down or dissolving of blood cells

- fibrin is broken down

21
Q

What are the ABO blood groups?

A

A
Surface antigen A only
Plasma contains anti- B antibodies

B
Surface antigen B only
Plasma contains anti- A antibodies

AB
Surface antigen A&B
Neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies

O
Lack both A&B surface antigens
Plasma contains both anti-A & anti-B antibodies

22
Q

What are the Rh groups?

A

Rh positive
- RBC has the rhesus antigen

Rh negative
- RBC does not have the rhesus antigen

23
Q

What are the main function of blood vessels?

A
  • transport materials around the body
  • carry nutrients to cells
  • carry wastes away for excretion
  • regulates BP & blood flow
  • vasoconstriction & dilation
24
Q

What are the 3 functions of blood?

A
  • transportation
  • regulation
  • protection
25
Q

What are the 2 different circuits of blood vessels?

A

PULMONARY
carries blood from the heart, to the lungs & back to the heart

SYSTEMIC
carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body & back to the heart

26
Q

What are the 2 main systems of blood vessels?

A

ARTERIAL
Carries blood away from the heart

VENOUS
Carries blood to the heart

27
Q

Blood vessels of the ARTERIAL system

A

ARTERIES

  • carry blood away from the heart
  • branch off into smaller & smaller arteries

ARTERIOLES
- connect arteries to capillaries

CAPILLARIES

  • smallest vessels
  • major site of exchange for nutrients, gas, wastes between blood vessels & tissues
28
Q

Blood vessels of the VENOUS system

A

VENULES

  • small vessels that connect to capillaries
  • some molecules exchange
  • merge with veins

VEINS

  • carry blood towards the heart
  • merge together to become large & larger
29
Q

What is the general circulatory route of blood?

A 
Heart
Arteries
Arterioles 
Capillaries
Venules 
Veins
Heart
30
Q

What are the 3 main types of arteries & their main features?

A

ELASTIC ARTERIES
can handle larges fluctuations in BP

MUSCULAR ARTERIES
regulate blood distribution

SMALL ARTERIES
thinner walls

31
Q

What are the 3 layers of arterial walls?

A
  • tunica intima
  • tunica media
  • tunica externa
32
Q

What is capillary exchange?

A
  • movement of substances between blood & interstitial fluid
  • at the arterial end of capillary, fluid leaves to go in to into interstitial fluid
  • at venous end of a capillary fluid comes back in to the capillary
33
Q

What 2 pressures effect capillary exchange?

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure
- pressure of blood pushing on to the vessel wall (capillary BP)

Colloid osmotic pressure

  • concentration of solute a affects movements of water by osmosis
  • blood is more concentrated then the interstitial fluid
34
Q

What is vascular resistance & how is it related to BP?

A

Opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood & walls of vessels.

  • increase in resistance, higher BP
  • decrease in resistance, lower BP
35
Q

What 3 factors effect vascular resistance?

A

Size of the lumen
- larger the lumen diameter, less resistance

Blood viscosity
- thinner blood = less resistance

Vessel length
- shorter length less resistance

Nicky Blood & Vessels BMS192 (1 decks)

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