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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What is the locations of Baroreceptors

A

Carotid sinuses
Aortic arch
Walls of large arteries of the neck and thorax

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2
Q

What is the function of Baroreceptors?

A

Inhibits vasomotor and cardioacceleratory centers

-causing arteriolar dilation and venodilation

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3
Q

Baroreceptors are decreased in blood pressure due to…

A

Arteriolar vasodilation
Venodilation
Decreased cardiac output

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4
Q

What is the function of Chemoreceptors?

A

Detect increase in CO2, or drop in pH or O2

Causes increase blood pressure

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5
Q

How do chemoreceptors causes increase in blood pressure?

A

By signaling cardioacceleratory center (which increase CO)

By signaling vasomotor center (which increase vasoconstriction)

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6
Q

What are influences of Higher Brain Centers?

A

Reflexes in the medulla

Hypothalamus and cerebral cortex can modify arterial pressure via relays to the medulla

Hypothalamus increase blood pressure during stress

Hypothalamus mediates redistribution of blood flow during exercise and changes in body temperature

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7
Q

Hormonal Controls

A

Short term regulation…via changes in peripheral resistance

Long term regulation…via changes in blood volume

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8
Q

What is the function of neural controls of peripheral resistance?

A
  • Maintain MAP by altering blood vessel diameter
  • Alter blood distribution to organs in response to specific demands
  • Operate via reflex arcs*
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9
Q

What hormonal controls increase blood pressure?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal gland–increases CO and vasoconstriction

Angiotensin 2 stimulate vasoconstriction

High ADH levels causes vasoconstriction

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10
Q

What hormonal controls decreases blood pressure?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide causes decreased blood volume by antagonizing aldosterone

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11
Q

What two ways does the kidneys regulates arterial blood pressure?

A
  1. By direct renal mechanism

2. By indirect renal (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone) mechanism

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12
Q

What are the functions of Direct Renal Mechanism?

A

Alters blood volume independently of hormones

  • increased blood pressure or blood volume causes elimination of more urine (thus reducing blood pressure)
  • decreased blood pressure or blood volume causes kidneys to conserve water, and blood pressure rises
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13
Q

Indirect Mechanism

Explain the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism….

A

Decreased arterial blood pressure - releases renin

Renin catalyzes conversion of angiotensingen from liver to angiotensin 1

Angiotensin converting enzyme (from the lungs) converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

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14
Q

What is the function of Angiotensin 2?

A

Increases blood volume

- stimulates aldosterone secretion 
- causes ADH release
- triggers hypothalamus thirst center

Causes vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure

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15
Q

Define Vital Signs

A

Pulse and blood pressure, alone with respiratory rate and body temperature

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16
Q

Define Pulse

A

Pressure wave caused by expansion and recoil of arteries

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17
Q

How is Systemic Arterial BP is measured?

A

Measured indirectly by auscultatory method using a sphygmomanometer

Pressure increased in cuff until it exceeds systolic pressure in brachial artery

Pressure released slowly and examiner listens for sounds of Korotkoff with a stethoscope

18
Q

How to measure Systolic Pressure?

A

Normally less than 120 mmHg

Is pressure when sounds first occur as blood starts to spurt through artery

19
Q

How is Diastolic Pressure measured?

A

Normally less than 80 mmHg

Is pressure when sounds disappear because artery no longer constricted (blood flows freely)

20
Q

Hypertension of Blood Pressure

A

Sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90

21
Q

Prehypertension of Blood Pressure

A

Happens if valves elevated but not in hypertension range

May be transient adaptation during fever, physical exertion, and emotional upset

Persistent in obese people

22
Q

What are the major causes of prolonged hypertension?

A

Heart Failure, Vascular Disease, Renal Failure, and Stroke

Heart must work harder
Myocardium enlargers, weakens, and becomes flabby

Also accelerate atherosclerosis

23
Q

Primary Hypertension

A

Is 90% of hypertension condition

Has no underlying causes
Has no cure (can be controlled)

24
Q

Risk Factor of Primary Hypertension

A 
Heredity
Diet
Obesity 
Age 
Diabetes Mellitus
Stress
Smoking
25
Q

Primary Hypertension is controlled by..

A

Restrict Salt, Fat, and Cholesterol intake
Increased Exercise, Lose Weight, and Stop Smoking
Anti hypertension Drugs

26
Q

Secondary Hypertension

A

Less common

Due to identifiable disorder:
Obstructed renal arteries, and kidney disease

Endocrine disorder:
Hyperthyroidism and Cushing’s syndrome

27
Q

What is Orthostatic Hypotension?

A

Temporary low blood pressure and dizziness when suddenly rising from sitting or reclining position

28
Q

What is Chronic Hypotension?

A

Hint of poor nutrition and warning signs of Addison’s disease or hypothyroidism

29
Q

What is Acute Hypotension?

A

Important sign of circulation shock

-threat for surgical patients and those in ICU)

30
Q

What is Tissue Perfusion involved in?

A

Delivery of O2 and nutrients to, and removal of wastes from tissue cells

Gas exchanges in the lungs

Absorption of nutrients in the digestive tracts

Urine formation by the kidneys

31
Q

Define Autoregulation

A

It is automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue relative to its varying requirements

Controlled by modifying diameter of local arterioles feeding capillaries

32
Q

Two types of Autoregulation

A

Metabolic Controls

Myogenic Controls

Both determines final auto regulatory response

33
Q

Effects of Metabolic Controls

A

Relaxation of vascular smooth muscles

Release of No (powerful vasodilator) by endothelial cells

34
Q

Myogenic Control

A

Myogenic responses keep tissue perfusion constant

Vascular smooth muscle responds to stretch

35
Q

Passive Stretch

A

Increases intravascular pressure

Promotes increased tone and vasoconstriction

36
Q

Reduced Stretch

A

Promotes vasodilation

Increases blood flow to tissues

37
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Number of vessels to region increases and existing vessels enlarge

Common in heart when coronary vessel occluded, or throughout body in people in high altitude areas

38
Q

Hypovolemic Shock

A

Result from large scale blood loss

39
Q

Vascular Shock

A

Results from extreme vasoconstriction and decreased peripheral resistance

40
Q

Cardiogenic Shock

A

Results when an inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation

41
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

Short loop that runs from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

42
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

Long loop to all parts of the body and back to the heart

Human Anatomy & Physiology (2 decks)

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