Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

0
Q

What accounts for the majority of deaths in the United States

A

Diseases of Blood Vessels

- Especially of the small and medium size muscular arteries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is the objective of the vascular system?

A

To maintain the quality and volume (10-15 L in adults) of the extracellular (tissue) fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does most exchange of oxygen occur?

A

Each tissue’s microvascular bed (capillary bed).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How close do cells need to be to nurturing capillary receive oxygen?

A

200 micrometers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The transition in morphology between vascular structures is…

A

Gradual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Vascular System Structure: Structural/Morphology

A 
The hollow structures of the vascular system are covered by three tunics.  The morphology of each tunic varies according to location in the vascular system.
The three tunics:
1) Tunica Adventitia
2) Tunica Media
3) Tunica Intima
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tunica Adventitia

A

The outermost covering

  • Mostly connective tissue
  • Vasa Vasorum = “vessels of the vessels”; i.e. BVs have their own vascular supply.
  • Nervi vascularis denotes a blood vessel’s nerve supply.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Tunica Media

A

The most variable layer

- Smooth Muscle Cells & Connective Tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tunica Intima

A

The innermost covering of Blood vessels

  • endothelium (simple squamous) with basal lamina, plus CT
    • An endothelium is a lining comprised of single flat (i.e. squamous) cells, which in this instance form a tube (vas)
  • To keep blood in the pipe (vas), the endothelial cells in blood vessels are connected by tight junctions, until they arrive at the capillary bed where in some organs their structure becomes ‘leaky’.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The Heart

A

Continual pumping by the heart is necessary to effect continuous exchange of oxygen and nutrients in the tissues.
The most morphologically distinguished component of the vascular system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three tunics of the heart?

A

1) Epicardium
2) Myocardium
3) Endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Epicardium

A

~tunica adventitia

  • Simple squamous mesothelium with connective tissue
  • Blood vessels and nerves (vasa vasorum/nervi vasicularis) enter the heart here.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Myocardium

A

~tunica media

  • Cardiac Myocytes & Cardiac Fibroblasts
  • Coronary Arteries & Veins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Endocardium

A

~tunica intima

  • simple squamous endothelium/basal lamina + connective tissue
  • Note: The cardiac conduction system (Purkinju Cells) is located in the “sub”-endocardium.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Arteries vs. Veins:
Wall?
Lumen?

A

Arteries have a relatively thick, highly developed wall, with a small lumen.
- Tunica media is highly developed with prominent elastin & smooth muscle cells.
Veins have a relatively thin, under-developed wall with a large lumen.
- tunica media relatively nondescript
- tunica adventitia is the thickest covering.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Tunica Media of Arteries

A

Has many layers of smooth muscle cells as well as ‘lamellae’ of elastin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Tunica Intima - Arteries

A

Has tight Junctions, pinocytotic vesicles that transport nutrients from lumen to tissue, and endothelial cells that secrete Factor VIII, which functions in blood coagulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Function of large elastic arteries

A

Maintaing blood pressure during diastole, due to the recoil of their elastic wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Aneurusms

A

Dangerous outpocketings of the tunica media of large arteries; these require surgical correction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do large veins contain?

A

A thick tunica adventitia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Medium (muscular) Arteries:
Describe each layer
Major clinical issue

A

Tunica adventitia - prominent external elastic lamina
Tunica media - prominent layers of 40 smooth muscle cells where elastin is diminished. Maintain Blood Pressure vis smooth muscle contraction.
Tunica intima: singular internal elastic lamina

Major clinical issue is atherosclerotic plaques.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Atherosclerotic plaques

A

formed by two cell types:

1) Macrophages - which migrate to sites of endothelial wall damage (caused by hypertension, microbes, etc) where they ingest lipid (LDL & Cholesterol)
2) Smooth Muscle Cells - which migrate to the tunica intima where they proliferate and take-up LDL (bad cholesterol).

22
Q

“foam cells”

A

The cobination of lipid-laden macrophages and SMCs. They form artery-blocking plaques that serve as attachment sites for platelets.
This is the beginning of a thrombus, which can cause stroke and/or myocardial infarction (MI).

23
Q

Medium veins

A

have valves, especially in the limbs;

- valves are folds of tunica intima that project into the lumen to direct the flow of blood to the heart.

24
Q

Stretching of the veins leads to ________

A

varicosities.
- Varicosities are exacerbated by sedentary lifestyle, because leg muscle contractions normally convey blood back to heart.

25
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein, usually in the leg, which can be a prelude to thrombosis.

26
Q

Small Arteries & Arterioles

A

have a lumen less than 50 micrometers in diameter, which allows approximately 6-7 RBCs to pass thru at once.
- tunica media: wherein small arteries have about eight layers of SMCs, and arterioles have about two layers of SMCs.

27
Q

A clinical problem associated with the small arteries/arterioles

A

Pathological narrowing of the lumen due to the uptake of lipid by SMCs in the medial wall, causing hypertension.

28
Q

Smooth Muscle Cells in the arteriolar wall regulate _____ to the vascular bed.

A

blood flow

29
Q

Venules

A

Have a lumen of ~50 micrometers in diameter.

30
Q

What are the first venules encountered on the venous side?

A

The post-capillary venules, through which leukocytes enter the tissue space via diapedesis.

31
Q

Capillaries

A

have no tunica adventitia or media.

32
Q

How many RBC pass through the capillary at one time?

A

1 red blood cell at a time

33
Q

What are capillaries composed of?

A

A single layer of endothelial cells, with its basal lamina.

34
Q

What does it mean to say that Capillary endothelial cells are tissue-specific?

A

From tissue to tissue the exhibit biochemical differences, and the express specific cell membrane receptors (i.e. VEGFR)

35
Q

What are the 3 morphological types of capillary:

A

Continuous capillaries - Type I
Fenestrated capillaries - Type II
Sinusoidal/Discontinuous capillaries - Type III

36
Q

Continuous capillaries (Type I)

A

Continuous capillaries (Type I):

  • Found in heart, skeletal muscle, CNS, lung
  • ‘Continuous’ denotes endothelial cells with tight junctions. Endothelial cells in continuous capillaries also have pinocytotic vesicles (except in the CNS) that transport stuff from the Blood vessels lumen to adjacent connective tissue, going directly thru the cell rather than between these tightly adherent cells.
37
Q

Fenestrated capillaries (Type II)

A
  • found in endocrine organs, GI tract, and kidney
  • fenestrations are ~100 nm diam. ‘windows’ that may represent permanent pinocytotic vesicles; the fenestrations admit passage of molecules >10 kDa
38
Q

Sinusoidal/Discontinuous capillaries (Type III)

A
  • found in bone marrow, liver, spleen
  • discontinuous means that the endothelial cells are not continuous, i.e. that large structures including whole cells can pass between them
  • the basal lamina is also discontinuous
  • filter-out whole RBCs
39
Q

What is the function of capillary endothelial cells?

A

exchange gases and nutrients

40
Q

Nutrients pass thru the capillary endothelium’s _______ _______, ________ and _________.

How do molecules that are 10kDa pass through?

A

Nutrients pass thru the capillary endothelium’s pinocytotic vesicles, fenestrations and discontinuities.

Small molecules (10kDa) must be transported directly thru the cell via pinocytotic vesicles & fenestrae.

41
Q

Endothelial cells are ________

A

secretory

42
Q

Endothelial secretory product: Vasoactive factors:

A
  • endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor

- NO – nitric oxide – a vasorelaxant

43
Q

Endothelial secretory product: Growth factors/Cytokines:

A
  • fibroblast growth factors (FGFs)
  • platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
  • interlukins
44
Q

Where are lymphatics present?

A

In all tissue, except bone marrow & CNS.

45
Q

Lymphatics: Function

A

provide a one-way drainage from the extracellular spaces to venules/veins.

46
Q

Lymphatics: Composition

A

Composed of White Blood Cells & lipid.

47
Q

Lymphatics: Circulation

A

Contraction of surrounding skeletal muscle.

48
Q

What is the difference between angiogenesis and vasculogenesis?

A

Angiogenesis - Blood vessels in adults that regenerate. Vasculogenesis - the development of blood vessels in the embryo.

49
Q

Angiogenesis: receptors and respective cognate ligands that ACTIVATE angiogenesis.

A

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receotor (VEGFR) -> VEGF
Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) -> FGF
TIE-2 receptor -> angiopoietin

50
Q

What are the inhibitors of angiogenesis?

A

Angiostatin - a derivative of plasminogen

Endostatin - a derivative of collagen isoform (XVIII)

51
Q

Pro-Angiogenic Therapy

A

Ability to induce new (de novo) vascular supply would greatly assist the management of diseases such as ischemic heart disease and diabetes.

52
Q

Anti-Angiogenic Therapy

A

Sustenance of cancerous tumors requires a vascular supply. Anti-angiogenic inhibitors may provide a therapeutic intervention to starve tumors to death

Cardiovascular (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions