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Anatomy Test 2 > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

Lecture 16 slides

1
Q

Arteries carry blood in what direction relative to the heart?

A

Away from the heart

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2
Q

Veins carry blood in what direction relative to the heart?

A

Toward the heart

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3
Q

What are capillaries?

A

The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of molecules between blood and tissue fluid.

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4
Q

Blood vessels are composed of what three layers?

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa

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5
Q

Describe the tunica intima

A

The innermost layer of a blood vessel. Composed of simple squamous epithelium.

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6
Q

Describe the tunica media

A

The middle layer of a blood vessel. Composed of sheets of smooth muscle that can constrict (vasoconstriction) and dilate (vasodilation)

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7
Q

Desribe the tunica externa

A

The outtermost layer of a blood vessel. Composed of connective tissue.

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8
Q

Describe the lumen of a blood vessel

A

The central blood-filled space of a vessel

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9
Q

Name the type of artery that is the largest, with diameters ranging from 2.5cm to 1cm and including the aorta and its major branches

A

Elastic arteries

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10
Q

Elastic arteries are also sometimes called what?

A

Conducting arteries

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11
Q

Elastic arteries have a large content of elastin for what purpose?

A

To help dampen surges of blood pressure

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12
Q

Name the type of artery that lies distal to elastic arteries, range in their diameters from 1cm to 0.3cm and include most names arteries

A

Muscular (distributing) arteries

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13
Q

Describe two important features of the muscular arteries

A

Thick tunica media and internal and external elastic laminae

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14
Q

Name the type of artery that is the smallest, with diameters ranging from 0.3mm to 10micrometers.

A

Arterioles

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15
Q

What are the two sources that control the diameter of arterioles?

A

Local factors in the tissues and the sympathetic nervous system.

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16
Q

Name the type of blood vessel that is the smallest, with a diameter of 8-10micrometers

A

Capillaries

Note that red blood cells pass through these tiny blood vessels in a single-file line.

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17
Q

What the the site-specific functions of the capillaries st each of the following four sites?
Lungs, Small intestines, Endocrine glands, and Kidneys

A

Lungs: Oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves.
Small intestines: Receive digested nutrients
Endocrine glands: Pick up hormones
Kidneys: Remove nitrogenous wastes

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18
Q

What are capillary beds?

A

A network of capillaries running through tissues.

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19
Q

what is the purpose of precapillary sphincters?

A

Regulate the flow of blood to tissues.

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20
Q

Name two poorly vascularized tissues and two avascular tissues.

A

Poorly vascularized: Tendons and Ligaments

Avascular: Epithelia and Cartilage

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21
Q

The endothelial cells of capillaries are held together by what?

A

Tight junctions and desmosomes

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22
Q

The gaps of unjoined membrane through which small molecules exit and enter a capillary are called what?

A

Intercellular clefts

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23
Q

Name and describe the two types of capillaries

A

Continuous (most common and least permiable) and fenestrated (have pores)

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24
Q

What are the four routes into and out of capillaries?

A

Direct diffusion (carbon dioxide and oxygen), through intercellular clefts, through cytoplasmic vesicles, and through fenestrations.

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25
What is the blood-brain barrier? How does it function?
It is the capillary system of the brain. It is unique in that the capillaries have complete tight junctions and no intercellular clefts, making the transport between these capillaries and their surrounding tissues highly selective. NOT a barrier against oxygen, carbon dioxide and some anesthetic gases.
26
What are sinusoids? Briefly describe what makes them unique. Name two places they occur.
Wide, leaky capillaries found in some organs. Usually fenestrated and have wide open intercellular clefts. Bone marrow and spleen. (Large in diameter with a twisted course)
27
Name the type of vein that is the smallest, with a diameter of 8-100 micrometers.
Venules
28
What are the smallest venules called?
Postcapillary venules
29
Which tunic is the thickest in veins?
The tunica externa
30
What two mechanisms are used to counteract low venous pressure?
Valves and the skeletal muscle pump.
31
Describe vascular anastomoses
Formed by the interconnection of vessels to allow organs to receive blood from more than one arterial source.
32
Describe arterial anastomoses
Formed by neighboring arteries to provide collateral channels.
33
Veins anastomose more or less frequently that arteries?
More
34
Describe the vasa vasorum
The vessels that nourish the outter regions of large vessels. Note that the inner regions of these vessels receive nutrients from the luminal blood.
35
The pulmonary trunk leaves what compartment of the heart and divides into what two vessels?
The right ventricle and the right and left pulmonary arteries
36
Do the superior and inferior pulmonary veins carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood? To where?
Oxygenated blood into the left atrium
37
Do the systemic arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood? From where?
Oxygenated blood from the left ventricle
38
Which artery is the largest in the body?
The aorta
39
Which arteries branch from the ascending aorta?
The coronary arteries
40
The aortic arch lies where in relation to the manubrium?
Posterior
41
Which three arteries branch from the aortic arch?
The brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid, and the left subclavian arteries
42
What are the two regions of the descending aorta and where do they lie?
The thoracic aorta: T5-T12 | The abdominal aorta: ends at L4
43
What two arteries does the descending aorta divide into?
The right and left common iliac arteries
44
In which triangle of the neck is the carotid artery located?
The anterior triangle
45
What are the two branches of the common carotid artery?
The internal and external carotid arteries
46
Name the seven branches of the external carotid artery
``` Superior thyroid artery Lingual artery Facial artery Occipital artery Posterior auricular artery Superficial temporal artery Maxillary artery ```
47
Name the four branches of the internal carotid artery
Optithalmic artery Anterior cerebral artery Anterior communicating artery Middle cerebral artery
48
The vertebral arteries supply what and join to form which artery?
The posterior brain | The basilar artery
49
The basilar artery divides into that two arteries which then connect to what arteries?
Posterior cerebral arteries | Posterior communicating arteries
50
The two posterior communicating arteries join the anterior communicating arteries to form what?
The cerebral arterial circle
51
The subclavian artery enters the axilla as what?
The axillary artery
52
The axillary artery becomes what at the inferior border of the teres major?
The brachial artery
53
The brachial artery divides into what two arteries?
The radial and ulnar arteries
54
Name the eight arteries of the abdominal aorta
``` Inferior phrenic arteries Celiac trunk Superior mesenteric artery Suprarenal arteries Renal arteries Gonadal arteries Inferior mesenteric artery Common illiac arteries ```
55
What three major veins enter the right atrium?
The superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus
56
What are venous plexuses?
Multivein bundles.
57
Which two systems have unusual patterns of venous drainage?
The dural sinuses and the hepatic portal system
58
The superior and inferior vena cava return blood from body regions superior and inferior to what?
The diaphragm
59
The head and neck drain of blood via which three groups of veins?
The internal and external jugular veins and the vertebral veins.
60
The dural sinuses consist of what four sinuses?
Superior and inferior sagittal sinuses Straight sinus Transverse sinuses Sigmoid sinus
61
Describe the differences between deep and superficial veins.
Deep veins follow the same path and have the same names as companion arteries. Superficial veins are visible beneath the skin.
62
Are the cephalic vein, basilic vein, median cubital vein, and median vein of the forearm deep or superficial veins?
Superficial
63
The median cubital vein lies where and is often used by medical care providers for what?
In the anticubital space of the arm. | Obtaining blood or administering IV fluids.
64
Name the three veins of the thorax.
The azygos vein, the hemiazygos vein and the accessory hemiazygous vein.
65
The azygous and hemiazygos veins drain which sides of the body?
azygous - right | hemiazygos - left
66
Name the five veins of the abdomen
``` Lumbar veins Gonadal veins Renal veins Suprarenal veins Hepatic veins ```
67
What is the hepatic portal system?
A specialized part of the vascular circuit that picks up digested nutrients and delivers the nutrients to the liver for processing.
68
The great saphenous vein empties into which vein?
The femoral vein
69
The small saphenous vein empties into which vein?
The popliteal vein
70
Aneurysm, deep vein thrombosis, venous disease, microangiopathy of diabetes and arteriovenous malformation are all what?
Disorders of the blood vessels
71
All major vessels are in place by when?
The third moth of development
72
What are two deferences between fetal and postnatal circulation?
The fetus must supply blood to the placenta and very little blood is sent through the pulmonary circuit
73
What umbilical vessels run in the umbilical cord?
Paired umbilical arteries and an unpaired umbilical vein.
74
Name the two fetal shunts away from the pulmonary circuit
The foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus
75
Describe atherosclerosis
A disease of the blood vessels that begins in youth, but is not evident until middle and later life. More common and occurs earlier in males.

Anatomy Test 2 (5 decks)

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