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CRRAB 1 Week 3 > Blood Vessel Histology > Flashcards

Blood Vessel Histology Flashcards

1
Q

How are the walls of blood vessels innervated in general terms?

A

by postanglionic, unmyelinated sympathetic nerve fibers which cause vsoconstriction

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2
Q

What are the examples of elastic (conducting) arteries?

A

aorta, common carotid, sublcavian, common iliac, pulmonary trunk

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3
Q

Why do the elastic conducting arteries appear yellowish in fresh state?

A

because they have an abdunance of yellow elastin

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4
Q

In the elastic conducting arteries, which way are the endothelial nuclei oriented? smooth muscle nuclei?

A

endothelium - longitudinally

smooth muscle - circumferentially

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5
Q

What are the membrane-bound inclusions contained in arterial endothelial cells?

A

weibel-palade bodies

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6
Q

What do the weibel-palade bodies contain?

A

von willebrand factor, which facilitates coagulation of platelets during clot formation

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7
Q

What is the tunica medial comprised of in elastic conducting arteries?

A

many fenestrated lamellae of elastin - like swiss cheese lasagna

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8
Q

What is the dominant component of the tunica medial in elastig conducting arteries?

A

elastin

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9
Q

What’s special about the ECM in the elastic conducting arteries?

A

it’s secreted by smooth muscle cells, not fibriblasts

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10
Q

What blood vessle is contained int he tunica dventitia in the elastic conducting arteries?

A

vasa vasorum - blood vessel to the vlood vessles

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11
Q

Most of the named arteries fall into what cateogy of artery?

A

muscular distributing arteries

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12
Q

What is the chief characteristic of the musculuar distributing arteries?

A

thick tunica media comprised primarily of smooth muscle cells

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13
Q

Although the tunica intima is htinner than that observe in elastic arteries, what layer of it is more prominent?

A

the internal elastic lamina - it’s the boundary between the intima and media

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14
Q

What do the outermost endothelial cells of the intima made gap junctions with?

A

the outermost smooth muscles cells of the tunica media - via gap jucnitons

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15
Q

What is the range in # of smooth muscle cell layers in the musclar arteries?

A

small ones - only 3-4 layers

large ones - up to 40 layers

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16
Q

What is the boundary between the media and adventitia in muscular arteries?

A

external elastic lamina

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17
Q

What is the typical diameter of the arterioles?

A

less than 0.1 mm

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18
Q

What controls blood flow into the capillary bed by encircling the vessel where a capillary springs from?

A

metarterioles - smooth muscle cells that act as sphincters

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19
Q

what do the carotid sinuses sense?

A

blood pressure changes - they’re barorectpros

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20
Q

Where are the carotid sinuses?

A

in the wlalls of the internal carotid artery (just above the bifurcation of the common carotid arteries)

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21
Q

What nerve endings are involved in the carotid sinuses?

A

glossopharygneal

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22
Q

What are the carotid bodies and aortic bodies?

A

chemoreceptors that sense changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide and protons in the blood and send the signal via the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

23
Q

What is the typically diameter of capillaries?

A

8-10 micrometers

24
Q

What type of vesicles are associated with eh ppasmalemma of capillaries? what are they for?

A

pinocytic vesicles used to transport substance across the membrane

25
Q

What cells are found outside the capillaries and small venules with primary and secondary processes which run longitudinally and circumferentally along and around the capillary

A

pericytes

26
Q

What is the likely function of pericytes

A

they’re probably contractile and help regulate blood flow through the capillaries

upon damage they probably give rise to smooth muscle and endothelial cells

27
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

conitnuous capillaries
fenestrated capillaries
sinusoidal capillaries

28
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found?

A

muscle, nervous and CT

29
Q

What makes fenestrated capillaries different from continuous capillaries?

A

fenestrated have pores in the wall while continuous don’t

30
Q

What are the pores covered by ?

A

a thun diaphragm probably made with glycocalyx

31
Q

Where in the body are fenestrated capillaries found/

A

pancreas, intestine and endocrine glands

32
Q

Of the three types of capillaries, which have small diameters and which have bigger diamaters?

A

continuous and fenestrated are small

sinusoidal is large

33
Q

What makes the fenetrates of the sinusoidal capillaries different from the fenestrated capillaries found?

A

they’re larger and don’t have diaphragms

34
Q

What organs are the sinusoidal capillaries found/

A 
bone marrow
liver
spleen
lmphoic organs
some endocrine organs
35
Q

What are the two ways we regulate blood flow into a capillary bed?

A
  1. ateriovenous anastomoses

2. central channels

36
Q

What is an arteriovenous anastomosis? How does it work?

A

it’s where an artery joins a venous channel
if the shunt is open, blood will bypass the capilary bed through the anastomosis
If the shunt is closed, the blood passes into the capillary bed

37
Q

What is the important role of the arteriovenous anastomoses?

A

temperature regulation on the skin

38
Q

What is the central channel?

A

It’s the straight shot from arteriole to venule composed of a metarteriole on the arteriole side and a thoroughfar channel on the venous side

blood will pass thorugh the central channel if the sphincters are closed

39
Q

What molecules are expressed on the luminal side of capillaries to bind leukocytes and help them pass through

A
  1. selectins (P and E) help the leukocytes to stop roling

2. Integrins bind them even more strongly and help them diapedese

40
Q

What are some of the general functions that endothelial cells can do?

A
  1. produce prostacyclin, plasminogen activator, IL-1, growth factors, etc.
  2. have enzymes that convert angiotensin I to II (and other activating enzymes)
  3. adipose tissue endothelium have enzymes on the luminal surface of capillaries to break down lipoprotiens into fatty acids and triglycerides for storage
41
Q

Which are greater in number - veins or arteries?

A

veins - they hold almost 70% of th total blood volume

42
Q

What sort of capillary are the postcapullary venules potentially mistaken for if you don’t know what tissue you’re in?

A

sinusoidal

43
Q

What replaces the pericytes in larger venules?

A

smooth muscle cells

44
Q

Which is the preferred site for leukocytes migration - capillaries or post capillary venules? why?

A

postcapillary venules because the walls are more permeable than those of capillaries

45
Q

What are high endothelial venules and how are they different from regular venules?

A

they ser specialized venules in lymphatic organs where the endothelium is cuboidal rather than squamous

46
Q

Which is the thickest layer in medium veins?

A

the adventitia. NOT the media!

47
Q

What are examples of alrge veins?

A

venae cavae, pulmonary veins, portal, renal, internal jugular, iliac, azygous

48
Q

Describe the tunica media in large veins

A

not well developed - often not apparent at all

49
Q

What is unique about the tunica adventitia in large veins?

A

the smooth muscle cells are located here instead of in the meda and they’re oriented longitudinally, no circumferentially

50
Q

What are vericose veins?

A

abnormally large and tortuous veins- usually the superficial leg veins of older people due to loss of muscle tone, wall degeneration and valvular incompetence

51
Q

What veins have valves -

A

many small and medium-sized veins, but only some large veins

most in the limbs, some in the throax and abdomne, none in the brain and spinal cord

52
Q

What are the valves composed of?

A

folds of intima endothelium with connective tissue core rich in elastic fibers

53
Q

How do lymph capillaries differ from blood capillaries?

A
  1. larger diameter
  2. end blindly in tissue
  3. have scanty basement membrane
  4. endothelial cells are separated by substantial spaces and held together by few tight junctions
54
Q

How do lymph collecting vessels differ from veins?

A

walls are thinner

valves ar emore closely spaced because of the passive nature of lymph flow

CRRAB 1 Week 3 (7 decks)

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