Blood Vascular System

Question 1

What are the three tunics of a typical blood vessel wall?

Answer 1

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia.

Question 2

The innermost layer of a blood vessel wall is the ____.

Answer 2

Tunica intima.

Question 3

Tunica intima is delimited from tunica media by the ____.

Answer 3

Internal elastic lamina.

Question 4

The tunica media consists primarily of circumferential __________ and variable amounts of ______.

Answer 4

Smooth muscle; Small amounts of connective tissue

Question 5

The tunica media is separated from the tunica adventitia by the ____.

Answer 5

External elastic lamina.

Question 6

Which tunic blends with the surrounding connective tissue and lacks a clearly defined outer border?

Answer 6

Tunica adventitia.

Question 7

Which tunic delimits vessel wall towards the lumen of the vessel?

Answer 7

Tunica intima

Question 8

What makes up tunica intima?

Answer 8

Endothelial lining (simple, squamous) and connective tissue

Question 9

The tunic that consists mainly of connective tissue fibres is

Answer 9

Tunica adventitia

Question 10

True or False: All three tunics are present in all types of blood vessels.

Answer 10

False. They vary depending on the size and type of vessel.

Question 11

What is the approximate diameter range of capillaries?

Answer 11

7–9 μm.

Question 12

The sum of diameters of all capillaries is ______ than that of the aorta.

Answer 12

Significantly larger.

Question 13

Which effect does the total cross-sectional area of capillaries have on blood flow and pressure?

Answer 13

It decreases blood pressure and flow rate.

Question 14

Continuous capillaries have continuous ______ and ______.

Answer 14

Endothelial cells and basal lamina

Question 15

Endothelial cells and basal lamina in _____ capillaries function as selective filters.

Answer 15

Continuous capillaries

Question 16

T or F Continous capillaries do not form openings that would allow substances pass capillary wall wwithout passing endothelial cell and basal lamina

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Fenestrated capillaries contain small openings called ____ derived from ____ which facilitate exchange between blood and interstitial fluid.

Answer 17

Fenestrations (derived from pinocytotic vesicles).

Question 18

Which capillaries have endothelial cell body with small pores and a complete basal lamina?

Answer 18

Fenestrated capillaries.

Question 19

Which type of capillaries allows even cells to pass due to their incomplete endothelial and basal lamina layers?

Answer 19

Sinusoidal capillaries.

Question 20

Which capillaries are formed by fenestrated endothelial cells, which may not form a complete layer of cells.

Answer 20

Sinusoidal capillaries

Question 21

Where would you typically find sinusoidal capillaries?

Answer 21

In organs where free exchange of substances or cells is advantageous (e.g., liver, bone marrow).

Question 22

Sinusoidal capillaries form large, irregularly shaped vessels called ____.

Answer 22

Sinusoids.

Question 23

Basal lamina is incomplete in which capillary type?

Answer 23

Sinusoidal capillaries

Question 24

_____ control flow of blood from one chamber to another by preventing backflow

Answer 24

valves

Question 25

Blood supply to the heart is provided by the ___ ___ and ___ system

Answer 25

Coronary artery and vein

Question 26

Right and left coronary arteries branch off of the

Answer 26

Aorta

Question 27

Cardiac veins deliver blood to ___ and back to the ___

Answer 27

coronary sinus; right atrium

Question 28

Coronary artery disease usually results from ___

Answer 28

plaques in arterial walls

Question 29

___ is chest pain due to inadequate oxygen delivery to the body

Answer 29

Angina pectoris

Question 30

___ occurs when blood supply to the heart is completely blocked, leading to muscle death

Answer 30

Myocardial infarction

Question 31

Heart contracts as a unit due to ___ and ___ that help conduct electrical signals through the heart

Answer 31

atrial and ventricular syncytia

Question 32

S-A node is continuous with the ___ syncytium

Answer 32

atrial

Question 33

Cells of the _____ can initiate impulses on their own; activity is ___

Answer 33

S-A node; rhythmic

Question 34

Arterial pressure is too high in ___

Answer 34

Hypertension

Question 35

List 7 risk factors for hypertension

Answer 35

Sedentary lifestyle, smoking, obesity, diet, stress, arteriosclerosis, genetics

Question 36

In hypertension, the ___ ventricle enlarges due to increased workload

Answer 36

left

Question 37

Consequences of hypertension include: ___, ___ to blood vessels, and ___

Answer 37

heart disease; damage; heart failure

Question 38

___ and ___ carry blood away from the heart

Answer 38

Arteries; arterioles

Question 39

___ are the site of exchange in the blood vascular system

Answer 39

Capillaries

Question 40

___ and ___ return blood to the heart

Answer 40

Venules; veins

Question 41

___ prevents platelet aggregation in blood vessels

Answer 41

Endothelium

Question 42

_____ secretes substances controlling vessel diameter

Answer 42

Endothelium

Question 43

Tunica media contains ___ and ____, innervated by ___ nerves

Answer 43

smooth muscle and connective muscle; sympathetic

Question 44

Which tunic is missing in the smallest arteries

Answer 44

Tunica media

Question 45

___ tunic is connective tissue and is vascularized

Answer 45

Tunica externa

Question 46

In capillaries, oxygen and nutrients move out by ___ and CO₂ moves in

Answer 46

diffusion

Question 47

In capillaries, blood pressure moves molecules out by ___

Answer 47

filtration

Question 48

______ maintain osmotic pressure of blood

Answer 48

Plasma proteins

Question 49

Veins have ___ walls and ___ muscle; hold ___ blood than arteries

Answer 49

thinner; less; more

Question 50

Many veins in limbs have ___ to prevent backflow

Answer 50

valves

Question 51

Varicose veins arise when ___ is prolonged

Answer 51

pressure on valves

Question 52

The heart is a ___, delivering blood to the lungs and the body

Answer 52

double pump

Question 53

Blood leaves the heart through ___ and returns via ___

Answer 53

arteries; veins

Question 54

The heart rate is regulated by a ___ system

Answer 54

conducting

Question 55

Heart beats about _____ times per day

Answer 55

100000

Question 56

The cardiac cycle is regulated by the _____ in the _____

Answer 56

cardiac center in the medulla oblongata

Question 57

Cardiac center in the medullar oblongata regulates cardiac cycle and ____

Answer 57

sympathetic and parasympathetic input

Question 58

Heart rate is affected by ___, ___, and ___

Answer 58

exercise; temperature; ion balance

Question 59

Long-term control of cardiac rate involves ___, ___, ___, and ___

Answer 59

ADH; angiotensin; EPO; ANP

Question 60

Arterial blood pressure is influenced by _____, ____, ___ and ___

Answer 60

heart action, blood volume, peripheral resistance; blood viscosity

Question 61

Failure to regulate blood pressure can lead to ___

Answer 61

disease

Question 62

Structural features of arteries and veins suit their roles in ___ and ___ of blood

Answer 62

delivery; return

Question 63

The circulatory system adjusts to functions like ___ and ___

Answer 63

exercise; digestion