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Blood Unit 8 > Blood Unit 8 > Flashcards

Blood Unit 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is the…

A

Integral part of the cardiovascular system.

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2
Q

Functions

A 
Transportation
Regulation of pH and osmosis 
Clot formation 
Protection 
Temp homeostasis
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3
Q

Components

A

Heart

Vessels: capillaries, arteries, veins

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4
Q

Blood is one of two

A

Fluid connective tissues.

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5
Q

Average of liters

A

5.3

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6
Q

Components of whole blood

A
  1. Hematocrit (formed elements)

2. Liquid Matrix (plasma)

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7
Q

Hematocrit

A

% of whole blood contributed by FORMED ELEMENTS
45%
RBC & WBC

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8
Q

Liquid matrix

A

55%
Water-92%
Proteins-7%
Electrolytes-1%

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9
Q

Erythrocytes

A 
Most abundant blood cells
99.9% of formed elements 
Upon maturity= lose organelles 
Life span= 120 days 
1 cell=280 million hemoglobin molecules
        *binds to O2 & CO2
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10
Q

Red blood count (standard test)

A

Males: 5-4 mil. RBCs/1uL or mm3
Female: 4-9 mil.
One drop: 260 mil. RBCs

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11
Q

Hemoglobin

A

4 protein chains

That can carry small amount of CO2

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12
Q

Heme consists of

A

Iron: O2 binds to->
Biliverdin: stabilizes iron

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13
Q

Antigens

A

Molecules that cause immune reactions
Exist on cell surface
Serve as cell recognition markers

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14
Q

Antibodies

A

Proteins called immunoglobulins
Produced by plasma cells
Attach or bind to specific antigens

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15
Q

ABO Group controlled by three alleles

A

Ia: antigen A
Ib: antigen B
i: no antigen

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16
Q

Blood type A

A

Alleles: IaIa or Iai
Antibody B (in plasma)
Receive from RBCs from A and O
Donate RBCs to A and AB

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17
Q

Blood type B

A

IbIb or Ibi
Antibody A
Receive from RBCs from B and O
Donate RBCs to B & AB

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18
Q

Blood type AB

A

IaIb
No antibody
Receive from RBCs from all types
donate to AB

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19
Q

Blood type O

A 
ii
No antigens 
Antibodies A & B 
Receive from O
Donate to all
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20
Q

Rhesus (Rh) factor: Rhesus (D) antigen is found

A

On the surface if RBCs

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21
Q

Rh + individuals

A

Carry the antigen

Have no Rh antibodies

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22
Q

Rh -

A

Do not carry antigen
Naturally: don’t have Rh antibody
Once exposed to Rh antigen, Rh antibodies may develop
= problem for pregnancies of Rh- mothers

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23
Q

Erythropoeisis

A

Formation of erythrocytes

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24
Q

Erythropoeisis begins in the..

A 
Fetus:
Blood vessels 
Umbilical cord 
Liver & spleen 
Bone marrow (Myeloid tissue)
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25
Q

Erythropoeisis stages

A

Myeloid stem cell
Erythroblasts
Reticulocyte

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26
Q

Erythroblasts

A

Multiplies
Actively produces Hb
Ejects organelles including nucleus to become Reticulocyte

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27
Q

Reticulocyte

A

Shrinks in size
Enters bloodstream
After 24-48 hrs in circulation= mature RBC

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28
Q

Erythropoeisis regulated by:

A

Erythropoietin (EPO):
Stimulates Erythropoeisis
Shortens time of maturation

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29
Q

Erythropoeisis influences by:

A 
Hypoxia 
Nutrition 
High altitude 
Damage to lung tissue 
Poor health
30
Q

Conditions associated w/ Erythropoeisis

A

Anemia & polycythemia

31
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Deficiency of intrinsic factor

32
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Destruction to myeloid tissue

33
Q

Polycythemia

A

Elevated formed elements (mainly erythrocytes)

34
Q

Hemorrhagic anemia

A

Blood loss

35
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

Destruction of erythrocytes

36
Q

Cardiovascular system includes

A

Fluid (blood): 75 trillion cells
Series of conducting hoses (blood vessels)
Pump (heart)

37
Q

RBCs lose

A

Elasticity

38
Q

Break down of RBC within the

A

Spleen

39
Q

Cell fragments are

A

Phagocytosed

40
Q

Degradation of hemoglobin into

A

Globin molecule

Heme molecule

41
Q

Decomposition of heme into

A

Iron

Biliverdin

42
Q

Conversion of biliverdin to

A

Bilirubin

43
Q

Conversion to bilirubin to

A

Bile (stored in gall bladder)

44
Q

Conversion to

A

Urobilinogen

45
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBCs
Include: Agranulocytes
Granulocytes

46
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

47
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells

48
Q

Granulocytes

A

Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophils

49
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Formation of Leukocytes that occur in the bone marrow

50
Q

Hemocytoblast forms 2 cell lines

A
  1. Myeloid Stem Cells

2. Lymphoid Stem Cells

51
Q

Myeloid stem cells

A

Give rise to 3 granulocytes

Give rise to monocytes

52
Q

Lymphoid stem cells

A

Give rise to lymphocytes

53
Q

Thromobopoiesis

A

Formation of platelets
2nd to RBCs in numbers
Occurs in bone marrow through myeloid stem cells
MSC>megakaryocytes>platelets

54
Q

Platelets are

A

Cell fragments of larger cells known as megakaryocytes

Some move to lungs &produce platelets

55
Q

Conditions associated with leukopoiesis

A

Leukopenia
Leukocytosis
Leukemia

56
Q

Leukopenia

A

Low levels of WBCs

57
Q

Leukocytosis

A

High levels of WBCs

58
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancer of hemopoietic tissue

59
Q

Hemostasis is the way the body..

A

Stops vascular bleeding

60
Q

Hemostasis involves 3 stages

A
  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation
61
Q

Vascular spasm

A

Quick immediate response (reflex action)
Damaged blood vessels constrict on either end of the cut
Short lived

62
Q

Platelet plug formation

A

Platelets begin to stick to damaged endothelial membrane
Congregate into the platelet plug
Seals the “hole”

63
Q

Coagulation

A

Soluble fibrinogen converted into insoluble fibrin

Involves 2 pathways leading to coagulation

64
Q

2 pathways of coag.

A
  1. Extrinsic

2. Intrinsic

65
Q

Extrinsic pathway

A

Involves perivascular tissue
Extrinsic Factors w/ involving blood
Contribute to initiating the coag. Phase

66
Q

Intrinsic pathway

A

Activated when blood encounters exposed collagen fibers
Intrinsic factors from blood itself
Contribute to coag. Phase

67
Q

Both pathways

A

Converge to initiate common pathway

Activate factor X

68
Q

Common pathway

A

Factor X combine w/ Ca etc form enzyme

69
Q

Common pathway enzyme activates

A

Prothrombin into Thrombin

70
Q

Thrombin then modifies

A

Soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin

71
Q

Fibrin then forms

A

Mesh like frame work that allows platelets and blood cells to stick to it = beginning blood clot

72
Q

A clot retraction forms

A

As platelets contract

Blood Unit 8 (1 decks)

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