Blood Unit

Question 1

What are the 3 functions of blood?

Answer 1

• Distribution
• Regulation
• Protection

Question 2

What does blood transport?

Answer 2

Oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic waste.

Question 3

Define hematocrit.

Answer 3

The percentage of RBCs out of the total blood volume

Question 4

How long do RBCs circulate in the body?

Answer 4

About 120 days.

Question 5

What is the function of erythrocytes?

Answer 5

Carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it throughout our body. AKA RBCs

Question 6

What is Hemoglobin made of?

Answer 6

It’s made of the protein globin, made up of two alpha and two beta chains, each bound to a heme group

Question 7

What is hematopoiesis?

Answer 7

Blood cell formation.

Question 8

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

Answer 8

Hematopoiesis occurs in the axial skeleton and girdles, and epiphyses of the humerus femur.

Question 9

What are the 3 phases in the production of erythrocytes?

Answer 9

Phase 1 is ribosome synthesis
Phase 2 is hemoglobin accumulation
Phase 3 is ejection of nucleus

Question 10

What happens during ribosome synthesis?

Answer 10

Starts making a bunch of ribosomes (ribosomes make protein)

Question 11

What happens during hemoglobin accumulation?

Answer 11

Makes hemoglobin, then gets rid of the extra crap

Question 12

What happens during the ejection of the nucleus?

Answer 12

Develops into true red blood cells, just carry oxygen

Question 13

What happens to old erythrocytes?

Answer 13

They are phagocytized in the spleen or liver

Question 14

What is anemia?

Answer 14

Blood that has abnormally low oxygen

Question 15

What are 3 potential causes for anemia?

Answer 15

Insufficient RBCs
Decreased Hb content
Abnormal Hb

Question 16

What are thalassemias?

Answer 16

Absent or faulty globin chain in hemoglobin

Question 17

What are sickle-cell anemia?

Answer 17

Results from a defective gene coding for an abnormal Hb called hemoglobin S (HbS)

Question 18

What are reticulocytes?

Answer 18

Immature red blood cells that circulate for about a day before maturing

Question 19

What are polycythemia?

Answer 19

Excess RBCs that increase blood viscosity.

Question 20

What are the 2 leukocyte types?

Answer 20

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 21

What is leukemia?

Answer 21

Cancer involving white blood cells

Question 22

What do platelets do?

Answer 22

Function in the clotting mechanism by forming a temporary plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels

Question 23

What is the stem cell for platelets?

Answer 23

Hemocytoblasts

Question 24

What is hemostasis?

Answer 24

A series of reactions designed for stoppage of bleeding

Question 25

What are the 3 phases of hemostasis?

Answer 25

1. Constriction via vascular spasms 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Coagulation (blood clotting)

Question 26

Platelets stick to collagen - T or F?

Answer 26

True!

Question 27

What initiates intrinsic pathways?

Answer 27

Initiated by platelets upon damage to inside of vessel wall. 5 steps

Question 28

What initiates extrinsic pathways?

Answer 28

Initiated by damage outside of vessel. 2 steps

Question 29

What is clot retraction?

Answer 29

Stabilization of the clot by squeezing serum from the fibrin strand.

Question 30

What is a thrombus?

Answer 30

A clot that develops and persist in an unbroken blood vessel

Question 31

What is an embolus?

Answer 31

A thrombus freely floating in the blood stream

Question 32

What term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones?

Answer 32

Transportation

Question 33

What color is oxygen-poor blood?

Answer 33

Dark red

Question 34

Blood is how many degrees higher or lower than body temperature?

Answer 34

1 degree higher, because of the friction of it moving.

Question 35

Is blood plasma slight basic or acidic?

Answer 35

Basic

Question 36

If pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of __________.

Answer 36

Protein

Question 37

The "buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of _______

Answer 37

Platelets and leuocytes

Question 38

The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of

Answer 38

Erythrocytes in the blood

Question 39

What percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood is plasma?

Answer 39

55%

Question 40

Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma:

Answer 40

Electrolytes

Question 41

What is an unhealthy effect of blood doping?

Answer 41

Increase in viscosity of the blood

Question 42

In hemopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed in what?

Answer 42

The myeloid line

Question 43

How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule?

Answer 43

4

Question 44

What are T lymphocytes?

Answer 44

Leukocytes, also called T cells

Question 45

During platelet plug formation, platelets begin to stick to:

Answer 45

Collagen with the assistance of von Willebrand factor

Question 46

Dendritic cells of the skin are derived from:

Answer 46

Monocytes

Question 47

What are cytokines and what do they do?

Answer 47

They are proteins, and they act as chemical messengers

Question 48

Interferons are one of the classes of:

Answer 48

Cytokines

Question 49

A delayed response to a specific antigen is provided by:

Answer 49

Adaptive Immunity

Question 50

"Complement" refers to a group of:

Answer 50

Plasma proteins

Question 51

What does a virus-infected cell release to prevent spread of infection?

Answer 51

Interferon

Question 52

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 52

Heat, redness, loss of function, and swelling

Question 53

Helper T-lymphocytes are also known as:

Answer 53

CD4+ cells

Question 54

Does a red blood cell have a nucleus?

Answer 54

No

Question 55

How does hemoglobin work (how does it bond with oxygen)?

Answer 55

In each molecule of hemoglobin there are four iron atoms. Each iron atom binds with one molecule of oxygen. The iron in hemoglobin is what gives blood its red color.

Question 56

What is EPO?

Answer 56

(Erythropoietin) a hormone produced by the kidney that promotes the formation of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The kidney cells that make erythropoietin are sensitive to low oxygen levels in the blood that travels through the kidney.

Question 57

What determines a person's blood type?

Answer 57

Genes and antigens present

Question 58

Hemostasis is another way of saying:

Answer 58

Blood clotting

Question 59

What are the three steps to hemostasis?

Answer 59

Blood vessels constrict, platelet plug formation, blood coagulation (where fibrinogen act as a glue for platelets to stick)

Question 60

What is agglutination?

Answer 60

Clumping of blood cells in response to a reaction between an antibody and an antigen