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PPS - trauma > Blood transfusions > Flashcards

Blood transfusions Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of the population will require blood transfusions during their lifetime?

A

25%

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2
Q

What percentage of people donate blood?

A

4%

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3
Q

What is major haemorrhage defined as?

A

Loss of more that whole blood volume within 24 hours

50% of total blood lost in less than 3 hours

Bleeding in excess of 150 mL/min

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4
Q

Why is major haemorrhage important?

A

Causes hypovolemic shock

Common cause of post-injury morbidity and mortality

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5
Q

How many litres of blood is contained in the human body?

A

4 to 6 litres of blood

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6
Q

What are the 2 components of blood?

A

Cells

Plasma

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7
Q

What percentage of blood is comprised of cells?

A

40%

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8
Q

What are examples of cells found in blood?

A

Red cells

White cells

Platelets

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9
Q

What percentage of blood is comprised of plasma?

A

60%

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10
Q

What are examples of the components of plasma?

A

Clotting factors

Albumin

Immunoglobulins

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11
Q

Which are clinical situations requiring blood transfusions?

A

Haemorrhage

Bone marrow failure

Diseases with abnormal red cells

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12
Q

What causes bone marrow failure?

A

Leukaemia or chemotherapy

Not make enough cells or destroy more cells than they make

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13
Q

What are examples of diseases with abnormal red cells?

A

Haemoglobinopathies

  • thalassemia
  • sickle cell diseases
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14
Q

Which conditions must a person pass in order to be eligible to donate blood?

A

Healthy

No medical history

Weigh over 50 kg

Aged 17-66

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15
Q

What are examples of things that would make a person ineligible to donate blood?

A

Currently unwell

Pregnant or breastfeeding

Past medical history

Occupation

Tattoo or piercing in the last 4 months

Intravenous drug users

People with high risk sexual behaviour

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16
Q

What is the first step to be taken when a donor wants to donate blood?

A

Make appointment online

Initial questionnaire prior to donating

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17
Q

What should the patient do before and after a donation?

A

Donor should eat normally and drink plenty of fluids

Avoid rigorous exercise

Given 500ml of water and leaflet

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18
Q

What POCT test should be done prior to donating blood?

A

Prick of the finger

Testing iron levels

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19
Q

What is the procedure of donation?

A

Area of skin is washed prior to sticking needle

470 ml donation

Wash

Care advice given in card

Two drinks and stay in the refreshments zone for at least 15 minutes to ensure well-being of donor

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20
Q

What is blood screened for?

A

Transmittable infection

Matching

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21
Q

What are transmittable infections that are screened for in blood?

A

Hepatitis B/C/E

HIV 1 and 2

Syphilis

Other tests sometimes carried out depending on the personal circumstances of the donor

22
Q

What is the marker for hepatitis?

A

Hepatitis B surface antigen and virus nucleic acid

23
Q

What happens if HIV is untreated?

A

Develops into AIDS

24
Q

What two tests are used to test for HIV?

A

One looks for antibody and protein coat of virus

One looks at virus nucleic acid

25
Q

What matching screening is done on the blood?

A

Blood groups - A,B,O

Rhesus - positive or negative blood cells

26
Q

How many red blood cell antigens have been identified>

A

400

27
Q

How many blood group systems have been described?

A

28 blood group systems

28
Q

Which are clinically the most important blood groups?

A

ABO and Rhesus

29
Q

What is the ABO system?

A

Antigens on RBCs

30
Q

Which antibodies and antigens do blood group A possess?

A

A antigens on RBCs

anti-B antibodies in the plasma

31
Q

Which antibodies and antigen do blood group B possess?

A

B antigens on RBCs

anti-A antibodies in the plasma

32
Q

Which antibodies and antigens do blood group O possess?

A

Have no antigens

Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma

33
Q

Which antibodies and antigens do blood group AB possess?

A

Has both A and B antigens

No antibodies

34
Q

What is the Rhesus antigen?

A

Antigen on RBCs

RhD antigen

If this is present, the blood group is RhD positive

35
Q

What percentage of the population is RhD positive?

A

85%

36
Q

What percentage of the population is RhD negative?

A

25%

37
Q

What blood should be given to a patient which you don’t know the blood group?

A

O- blood

38
Q

Which blood group is most common in the UK?

A

Group O

44%

39
Q

Which blood group is the second most common in the UK?

A

Group A

38%

40
Q

Which blood group is the universal donor?

A

O-

Does not contain A/B antigens of RhD antibodies

Therefore can be given to to anyone

41
Q

Which is the universal recipient?

A

AB+

Blood contains A,B antigens and RhD antibodies

42
Q

What percentage of the population contains AB+ blood?

A

3%

43
Q

What is a way to work out a person’s blood group?

A

Red cells are mixed with different antibody solutions

Clumping happens if there are antibodies that form against the antigens on the RBCs

44
Q

What is the volume of a normal red cell bag for transfusion?

A

250-350 ml

45
Q

How much time is needed for a blood transfusion?

A

2-4 hours

46
Q

What regimens are in place when transfusing blood?

A

Patients are observed closely during transfusion every 15 minutes

47
Q

What is the aim of transfusing one unit of red cells?

A

Raise the Hb levels by around 10 points

48
Q

What if the patient undergoing a blood transfusion is seriously deteriorating?

A

Blood can be given more rapidly

49
Q

Why is cross-matching blood properly so important?

A

Receiving blood from the wrong ABO group can be life threatening

Transfusion reactions can range from minor to life-threatening

50
Q

What are possible negative reactions to transfusions?

A

Allergic reactions

Anaphylaxis

Fluid overload - cardiac problems, can’t handle extra volume

Transfusion related lung injury

Haemolytic reactions

Bacterial/viral infection via contaminated blood

PPS - trauma (4 decks)

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