blood transfusion Flashcards
Complex mixture of cells, water, proteins, and
sugars
Blood
process of donating own blood
autologous
friend or family member of the patient donates the blood
Directed
also known as autologous blood salvage.
procedure involving recovering blood lost during surgery and re infusing it into the patients
Intraoperative blood salvage
transfusion method that may be done induction of anesthesia.
blood obtained is then re infused after surgery
Hemodilution
Types of blood donation
Directed
Autologous
Intraoperative blood salvage
hemodilution
complications of blood donations
- excessive bleeding at venipuncture site
- Fainting
- Anginal chest pain
- Seizures
the most important blood type system (or
blood group system) in human blood
transfusion.
it identifies which sugars are present on the membrane of a person’s erythrocytes.
ABO system
are transmembrane proteins with
loops exposed at the surface of red blood cells.
Rh system
process of transferring blood or blood-
based products from one person into the
circulatory system of another
Blood transfusion
2 main types of blood transfusion
Homologous transfusions
Autologous Transfusions
The transfusion must begin within -—minutes
30 minutes
are sometimes given before the transfusion to
prevent other types of transfusion reactions.
Acetaminophen or Antihistamines
Principles of blood transfusions
- Proper refrigeration
- Proper typing and cross matching
3.Aseptically assemble all materials needed for BT - Ask another RN to recheck
- Check the blood unit for bubbles cloudiness,sediments and darkness in color
- BT should be completed less than 4 hours
- Avoid mixing or administering drugs at BT line
- Monitor strictly vital signs
Expiration of packed RBC is
3-6 days
Expiration of platelet is
3-5 Days
How many percent of population is RH postive
85%
Universal recipient
Type AB
Universal blood donor
Type O
Diseases transmitted by blood transfusions
- Viral Hepatitis
2.AIDS (HIV and HTLV) - Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- Graft versus Host Disease (GVHD)
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
Avirus that infects most people worldwide.
virus that infects most people worldwide.
spreads from person to person by direct
contact.
Cytomegalovirus(CMV)
A rare disorder that can strike persons whose immune system is suppressed and have either received a blood transfusion or a bone marrow
transplant.
Graft versus Host Disease (GVHD)
A dementing disease of the brain caused by an unconventional, transmissible agent (prion).
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
graft-versus-host-disease is divided
into:
- acute or fulminant form
- chronic form
normally observed within the first 100 days post-transplant
Acute or fulminant form
Normally occurs after 100 days
chronic form
plasma consisting of:
-water
- proteins
- salts
- nutrients
- vitamins
- hormones
blood cells consisting of:
- RBCs
- WBCs
- Platelets
Clear liquid made up of 92% water and 8%
organic & inorganic biochemical
plasma
provides all components
(Hct = 40%)
Whole blood
Provide almost twice the amount of Hct than whole blood
Packed Red Blood Cell (PRBC)
Contains all coagulation factors including V & VIII
Fresh Frozen Plasma
contains von Wilebrand factor, factor VIII, XIII & fibrinogens
Factor VIII Fractions (Cryoprecipitate)
Do not increase WBC: increase marginal pool (at tissue level) rather than circulating pool
Granulocytes
Shaking chills or rigors common, require brief
cessation of therapy, administration of
meperidine IV until rigors are diminished &
resumption of transfusion when symptoms
relieved
Granulocytes
A glycoprotein hormone produced by the
kidney, that controls erythropoiesis, or red
blood cell production.
Erythropoietin
also known as Eprex) or
NeoRecormon)
epoetin
is associated with an increased
risk of adverse cardiovascular complications in
patients with kidney disease if it is used to
increase hemoglobin levels above 13.0 g/dl.
erythropoietin
Used to increase the number of hematopoietic
stem cells in the blood of the donor before
collection by leukapheresis for use in
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor
protein secreted by macrophages, T cells,
mast cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts.
Granulocyte-Macrophage Stimulating Factor
stimulates the production and differentiation of megakaryocytes, the bone marrow cells that fragment into large numbers of platelets
Thrombopoietin
PHARMACOLOGIC ALTERNATIVES TO BT
1.Growth Factors
2.Erythropoietin
3. Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor
4.Granulocyte-Macrophage Stimulating Factor
5. Thrombopoietin
Brand Name of Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor
Neupogen
Trade name of Granulocyte-Macrophage Stimulating Factor
Leukine
Plasma proteins
Albumin
globulin
fibrinogen
prothrombin
