Blood, the Hematopoietic System, and the Immune system

Question 1

Blood definition

Answer 1

a fluid containing mature cellular elements that fills the circulatory system

Question 2

Hematopoiesis

Answer 2

The process of generating new blood cellls

Question 3

Erythropoiesis

Answer 3

The process of generating new red blood cellls

Question 4

Myelosupressive

Answer 4

diminished or suppressed bone marrow

Question 5

The Circulatory System

Answer 5

-contains 5 L of blood

Question 6

Blood: Statistics

Answer 6

• blood is 7-8% of body by weight

- blood is 55% plasma, 45% formed elements

Question 7

Plasma makeup

Answer 7

• 91% water
• 7% protein
• 2% other

Question 8

Formed Elements makeup

Answer 8

• 250-400 thousand platelets
• 5-9 thousand WBC- Leukocytes
• 4.2-5.8 million RBC- Erythrocyte

Question 9

Erythrocyte

Answer 9

red blood cell

Question 10

Leukocyte

Answer 10

white blood cell

Question 11

Platelets

Answer 11

Thrombocytes

Question 12

Types of Leukocytes

Answer 12

Types:

• basophil
• neutrophil
• eosinophil
• lymphocyte
• monocyte

Question 13

Hemocytoblast

Answer 13

Marrow stem cell

• all formed cellular elements stem from single progenitor
• different forms come from differentiation

Question 14

TBV

Answer 14

Total Blood Volume=formed elements+plasma
TBV=around 5L
TBV=0.072xBW(kg)

Question 15

Hct

Answer 15

Hematocrit: Packed cell volume, or the volume of RBC in the blood compared to the total volume of blood in a centrifuged specimine

• average level 42%
• varies with gender

Hct=Vol_RBC/Vol_tot x 100

Question 16

Anemia

Answer 16

decreased hematocrit(hct) levels 20%

Question 17

Red Cell Volume

Answer 17

Red Cell Volume=HctxBV/100=2.1L

Question 18

Mean Corpuscular Volume(MCV)

Answer 18

MCV=Avg volume of 1 RBC = about 90 fL

Question 19

Normal RBC life span

Answer 19

120 days

Question 20

microcytic anemia

Answer 20

decreased iron deficiency anemia

Question 21

macrocytic anemia

Answer 21

Increase in vitamin B12 deficancy

Question 22

Recycling of Hemaglobin

Answer 22

By the rectoendothelial system

• macrophage of spleen or liver take aged RBC and create hemoglobin
• heme from hemoglobin converted to iron
• Red bone marrow uses iron to make RBCs

Question 23

hypoxemia

Answer 23

low blood oxygen content

Question 24

How to increase delivery of oxygen to peripheral tissues?

Answer 24

• increasing the number of RBCs available to carry O2
• kidneys detect decreases in pO2, and synthesize hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the marrow to produce more RBC precursers

Question 25

Blood Clotting Process

Answer 25

• Injury triggers coagulation factor cascade
• Thrombin and Fibrinogen create Fibrin
• Fibrin enmeshes RBCs to seal hole

Question 26

Clotting Cascade

Answer 26

A series of enzymes, where each enzyme activates the next in the series.
Can be activated by damage to a blood vessel.
Different cascade for intrinsic or extrinsic damage.
Enzymes depend on fat soluble cofactor Vitamin K that is produced in the liver.
Activation of clotting cascade initiates mechanism to stop it:
-The enzyme tissue plasminogen activator(TPA) activates plasmin which dissolves clots.
-used to limit the damage from myocardial infarcts or strokes

Question 27

Immune System

Answer 27

Non Cellular Mediation- Immediate
-Complement Cascade
-Immune Mediators/mast cells
-Macrophages
Cellular Mediation- Immune "Memory"
-Antibodies
-Lymphocytes

Question 28

Lines of Defense against micororganisms

Answer 28

1) Chemical and Mechanical barriers
2) Inflammatory Response by complement and other immune mediators and phagocytosis by macrophages
3) specific antibody responses, lysis by cytotoxic T-cells

Question 29

The Complement Cascade

Answer 29

Invading bacteria cause tissue damage, which triggers the compliment cascade. Elements of the cascade are chemotatic and attract macrophages and leukocytes. They also activate mast cells, which in turn release histamine which causes increased vascular permeability and blood flow. Macrophages and leukocytes ingest bacteria. Membrane attack complexes(MAC) formed by elements of the complement cascade lyse bacteria.

Question 30

Primary Locations of Macrophage Activity

Answer 30

• spleen
• liver
• lungs
• circulating blood
• intentional walls

Question 31

Lymphocytes Overview

Answer 31

• Found in all organs except t he CNS

- Types: B-cells, T-cells

Question 32

B-cells

Answer 32

Bursa:

• produce specific antibodies
• most differentiated form is the plasma cells
• Found in circulation, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes

Question 33

T-cells

Answer 33

Thymus:

• several kinds, distinguishable by cell surface receptors
• one type is cytoxic (lyses antigen-presenting cells)
• other cells involved in self recongition

Question 34

Plasma

Answer 34

an aqueous solution of small molecules and proteins