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HUBS192 Blood > Blood system > Flashcards

Blood system Flashcards

1
Q

function of blood

A

transport, immune response, coagulation

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2
Q

composition of blood plasma

A
  • 90% water
  • 10% solutes including plasma proteins, nutrients, waste products etc
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3
Q

3 groups of plasma proteins

A
  1. albumins - maintain osmotic pressure; hormones, coagulation factors
  2. globulins - antibodies
  3. fibrinogen - blood clotting
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4
Q

cells in blood

A
  • erythrocytes (RBCs)
  • leukocytes (WBCs)
  • Thrombocytes (platelets)
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5
Q

types of WBCs

A
  1. granulocytes
  2. monocytes
  3. lymphocytes
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6
Q

types of granulocytes

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. basophils
  3. eosinophils
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7
Q

what does blood transport

A

O2, nutrients, CO2, hormones, phagocytic cells, antibodies, coagulation factors

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8
Q

function of neutrophils

A

cellular defence - phagocytosis

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9
Q

function of basophils

A

anticoagulation and inflammatory response

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10
Q

function of eosinophils

A

cellular defence and anti-inflammatory

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11
Q

function of monocytes

A

aggressive phagocytosis of bacteria, debris etc

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12
Q

function of lymphocytes

A

humoral defence - secrete antibodies

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13
Q

features of neutrophils

A
  • 65% of blood cells
  • multilobed nucleus
  • small pink staining granules
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14
Q

features of basophils

A
  • <1% of blood cells
  • 2-lobed nucleus
  • large purple stained granules
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15
Q
A
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16
Q

features of eosinophils

A
  • 2-5% of blood cells
  • 2-lobed nucleus
  • large orange stained granules
17
Q

features of monocytes

A
  • 3-8% of blood cells
  • horse-shoe shaped nucleus
  • steel blue colour
18
Q

features of lymphocytes

A
  • 25% of blood cells
  • round nucleus
  • little cytoplasm
19
Q

features of RBC

A
  • Biconcave disc shape for large surface area: volume ratio
  • Flexibility for movement though narrow capillaries
  • Contain large amounts of Hb- 1/3 of weight of RBC
20
Q

features of RBC production (erythropoiesis)

A
  • stimulated by erythropoietin (EPO)
  • requires folic acid, vit B12, thymine, iron
  • controlled by homeostatic mechanism with EPO
  • helped by testosterone
  • decrease in RBC sensed by kidneys
21
Q

destruction of RBCs

A
  • life span = 120 days
  • break apart in capillaries
  • fragments removed by macrophages
  • iron recycled in bone marrow, amino acids to produce more proteins, bilirubin pigment transported to liver and excreted in bile
22
Q

anaemia definition and causes

A
  • A reduction in the concentration of Hb (reduced O2 carrying capacity of blood- insufficient to supply tissues)

causes:

  • decreased production of RBCs
  • increased destruction of RBCs
  • severe bleeding
23
Q

3 components of haemostatic response to injury

A
  • Blood vessels vasoconstrict (stage I haemostasis)
  • Platelets form the platelet plug (stage I haemostasis)
  • Coagulation cascade: sequential series of chemical reactions of clotting factors, resulting in the formation of a fibrin clot (stage II and III haemostasis)
24
Q

stage 1 haemostasis

A
  1. Vessel damage
  2. altered endothelial surface
  3. exposure of sub-endothelium
  4. platelets get activated and begin to aggregate (form platelet plug)
  5. activated platelet release mediators (e.g. ADP, thromboxane A2) that activate more platelets (platelet plug gets bigger) and constrict blood vessels
25
Q

stage 2 of haemostasis

A
  • Prothrombin, prothrombin activator and calcium to be released, which produces thrombin which combines with fibrinogen to make fibrin (the spider-web like mesh stuff that holds all platelets together)
  • intrinsic or extrinsic pathways
26
Q

intrinsic pathway

A
  • Intrinsic pathway already has everything (clotting factors) in blood
  • clotting factors XII, XI and IX
27
Q

extrinsic pathway

A
  • Extrinsic pathway requires tissue factor (from sub-endothelium) to be activated
  • clotting factor VII
28
Q

common pathway

A
  • Pathways join to form a common pathway at production of “Activated factor X”
  • factor X converts prothrombin to thrombin, which then converts fibrinogen to fibrin (forming a clot)
  • Ca2+ is essential for the common pathway
29
Q

haemophilia A

A

absence of factor VIII

30
Q

haemophilia B

A

absence of factor IX

31
Q

haemophilia C

A

absence of factor XI

32
Q

opposing clot formation

A
  • Endothelial surface is normally smooth – prevents platelets adhering
  • Prostacyclin (from endothelium) inhibits aggregation
  • Nitric Oxide (from endothelium) vasodilates and inhibits aggregation
  • Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (from endothel.) binds TF/VIIa complex & inhibits extrinsic pathway
  • Thrombin is inhibited via antithrombins
  • Warfarin – drug that impair liver’s use of vitamin K – slow down clotting
  • Aspirin - inhibits platelet aggregation
33
Q

dissolving blood clots

A
  • fibrinolysis (occurs simultaneously with clot formation)
  • Plasminogen and particularly t-PA (tissue Plasminogen Activator) incorporated into the Blood clot
34
Q

ABO blood group

A
  • RBCs have membrane proteins (antigens) that are genetically determined and inherited
  • We have naturally occurring antibodies to antigen that is not present on our own Red blood cells
  • AB has antigens A and B so neither antibodies
  • O has antigens for neither A nor B so both antibodies
35
Q

blood transfusions

A
  • Type O = universal donor
  • Type AB = universal recipient
36
Q

rhesus system for blood type classification

A
  • based on presence of D antigen - individuals with D antigen are rhesus positive (85% of population)
  • No pre-formed natural antibodies (these develop slowly so does not affect developing Rh+ foetus in Rh- mother)
  • if another Rh+ foetus born, can fix this by giving mother anti-D antibody at first delivery to prevent antibody development
37
Q
A

HUBS192 Blood (1 decks)

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