Blood Pressure

Question 1

Sphygmomanometer

Answer 1

Device that is often used to measure blood pressure (blood pressure cuff)

Question 2

Three Adaptations of Venous Return

Answer 2

1. Skeletal muscle contraction creates a muscle pump to move blood back toward the heart while venous valves prevent back flow
2. Pressure change during breathing creates a respiratory pump to move blood by squeezing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expands
3. Smooth muscles undergo sympathetic venoconstriction pushing blood back towards the heart

Question 3

Varicose veins

Answer 3

• Veins that have become enlarged and twisted
• The one-way valves in the vein can be stretched so that they no longer close, which increases back flow and pooling of blood, compounding the problem (most common in the legs to go against gravity)

Question 4

Difference between arteries and veins

Answer 4

Arteries: run deep and are well protected, their pathways tend to be relatively straight
Veins: can be deep, running parallel to arteries and superficial , running just beneath the skin, their pathways often have interconnections

Question 5

2 areas where venous drainage doesn’t parallel the arterial supply

Answer 5

• Dural sinuses: draining the brain
• Hepatic portal system: draining from the digestive organs to the liver before entering the main systemic circulation

Question 6

Control of blood pressure

Answer 6

• Cardiac output: how much blood the heart is pumping
• Peripheral resistance: how much friction is in the vessel
• Blood volume: how much blood there is in the system

Question 7

Neural blood pressure control

Answer 7

Neurons in the medial oblongata, the cardioaccelerory, cardioinhibitory, vasomoter centres form the cardiovascular centre that reguletes blood pressure by alreting cardia output and blood vessel diameter

Question 8

Basoreceptors

Answer 8

Pressure sensors located in the carotid sinus and the aortic arch
- Detect stretch and send impulses to the vasomotor centre, inhibiting its activity and promoting vasodilation for arterioles and veins

Question 9

Chemoreceptors

Answer 9

• The effectiveness of gas exchange is monitored by detecting CO2
  Chemoreceptors detect a rise in CO2 and stimulate the carioacceletroyt & vasomotor centres that increase cardiac output & vasocontriction

Question 10

Hormonal blood pressure control

Answer 10

• Influence short-term changes in blood pressure by acting on vascular smooth muscle or vasomotor centre of the brain

Question 11

Norepinephrine & Epinephrine

Answer 11

Neurotransmitters and hormones that produce the body’s fight-or-flight response, They both increase heart rate & blood sugar.
Norepinephrine: causes vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure
Epinephrine: increases blood flow to muscles & faster breathing

Question 12

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Answer 12

• A hormone system that reuglated blood pressure, fluids & electrolytes

Question 13

Renin

Answer 13

An enzyme that’s activated in the kidneys & released in the blood plasma. The liver secretes a protein that renin activates as angiotensin I and vascular endothelial cells convert to angiotensin II

Question 14

Angiotensin II

Answer 14

Vasoconstrictor increases salt retention in the kidneys. it also stimulates the release of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone

Question 15

Aldosterone

Answer 15

• From the adrenal glands stimulated kidneys to retain more salt andwater in the blood
• This increases blood volume and therefore blood pressure

Question 16

Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

Answer 16

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