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Winter 2014 / Human Physiology > Blood Physiologys > Flashcards

Blood Physiologys Flashcards

0
Q

what forms branches into capillary bed?

A

metarterioles

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1
Q

what delivers blood to capillaries?

A

small arteries (tunica media contains few layers of muscle)

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2
Q

to bypass capillary bed, precapillary sphincter close & blood flows out of bed where?

A

in Thoroughfare Channel

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3
Q

what is the intermittent contraction & relaxation of sphincters that allow filling of capillary bed 5-10 times/min?

A

vasomotion

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4
Q

what are microscopic vessels that connect arterioles to venules?

A

capillaries (that form microcirculation)

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5
Q

where are capillaries found?

A

found near every cells in the body, but more extensive in highly active tissue (muscles, liver, kidneys & brain
- entire capillary bed fills with blood when tissue is active

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6
Q

where are capillaries NOT found?

A

in epithelia, cornea and lens of eye & catilage

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7
Q

what is the FUNCTION of capiliaries?

A

exchange of nutrients & wastes between blood and tissue fluid

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8
Q

what is the structure of capillaries?

A

single layer of simple squamous epithelium and its basement membrane

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9
Q

what are the types of capillary exchange?

A
  • diffusion
  • transcytosis
  • bulk flow
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10
Q

of the three type of capillary exchange, which one is the most important method?

A

diffusion

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11
Q

when substances move down concentration gradient, this is what type of capillary exchange?

A

diffusion

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12
Q

how does plasma solutes (except large proteins pass freely across) in diffusion?

A

through lipid bilayers, fenestrations, or intercellular clefts

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13
Q

what does not allow diffusion of water-soluble materials, what is the structure of the membrane?

A

blood brain barrier

nonfenestrated epithelium with tight junction

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14
Q

passage of material across endothelium in tiny vesicles by endocytosis and exocytosis is what type of capillary exchange?

A

transcytosis

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15
Q

large, lipid-insoluble molecules such as insulin or maternal antibodies passing through the placental circulation to fetus is an example of what type of capillary exchange?

A

transcytosis

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16
Q

movement of large amount of dissolved or suspended material int the same direction is what type of capillary exchange?

A

bulk flow (filtration & reabsorption)

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17
Q

which capillary exchange method moves in response to pressure (from area of high pressure to area of low), and has a fastr rate of movt than diffusion or osmosis?

A

bulk flow

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18
Q

what is the most important method of capillary exchange for regulation of relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid?

A

bulk flow

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19
Q

what is the movt of material into interstitial fluid?

A

filtration

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20
Q

what is the movt from interstitial fluid into capillaries?

A

reabsorption

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21
Q

filtration is promoted by what two pressures?

A

Blood Hydrostatic Pressure

Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure

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22
Q

reabsorption is promoted by what pressures?

A

Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure

Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure

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23
Q

what is the equation for net filtration?

A

NFP = (BHP+IFOP) - (BCOP+IFHP)

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24
Q

which law dictates that the volume of fluid & solutes reabsorbed is almost as large as the volume filtered?

A

Starling’s Law of Capillaries

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25
Q

whether fluids leave or enter capillaries depends on?

A

net balance of pressure

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26
Q

about how much percentage of filtered fluid is returned to the capillary? what happens to escaped fluid and plasma proteins?

A

85%

they are collected by lymphatic cappiliaries (3liters/day)

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27
Q

what is an abnormal increase in interstitial fluid if filtration exceeds reabsorption?

A

edema

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28
Q

what are the result of excess filtration?

A
  • increased blood pressure (hypertension)

- increased permeability of capillaries allows plasma proteins to escape

29
Q

what is the result of inadequate reabsorption?

A
  • decreased concentration of plasma proteins lower blood colloid osmotic pressure
    (for example, inadequate synthesis or loss from liver disease, burns, malnutrition or KD disease)
30
Q

what are the pressure difference that drive the blood flow?

A
  • velocity of blood flow
  • volume of blood flow
  • blood pressure
31
Q

speed of blood flow in cm/sec is inversely related to…?

A

cross sectional area and diameter of the vessel

32
Q

what is the time it takes a drop of blood to travel from right atrium back to right atrium?

A

circulation time

33
Q

volume of blood flow is affected by?

A

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

34
Q

what factors influence cardiac output?

A
  • blood pressure
  • resistance due to friction bt blood cells and blood vessel walls (blood flows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure)
35
Q

blood pressure is the highest in the?

A

aorta

120mm Hg during systole & 80 during diastole

36
Q

if heart rate increases cardiac output, what happens to the Blood Pressure?

A

BP risese

37
Q

water retention increase or decreases blood pressure?

A

increases blood pressure

38
Q

what causes resistance?

A

average blood vessel radius
blood viscosity (thickness)
total blood vessel length

39
Q

the volume of blood flowing back to the heart from systemic veins is called?

A

venous return

40
Q

venous return depends on what factors?

A
  • depends on pressure difference from venules (16 mm Hg) to right atrium
  • tricuspid valve leaky and buildup of blood on venous side of circulation
41
Q

sudden loss of consciousness due to sudden emotional stress is

A

vasodepressor syncope

42
Q

sudden loss of consciousness due to antihypertensives, diurectics, vasodialators and tranquilizers is?

A

drug-induced syncope

43
Q

loss of consciousness due to decrease in BP upon standing is ?

A

orthostatic hypotension

44
Q

what is syncope

A

fainting or sudden, temporary loss of consciousness not due to trauma, but due to cerebral ischemia or lack of blood flow to the brain

45
Q

nerve impulses from higher brain centers such as cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus input to Cardiovascular center what type of information?

A
  • anticipation of competition

- increase in body temperature

46
Q

nerve impulses from proprioceptors monitor?

A

joint movement

input during physical activity

47
Q

nerve impulses from baroreceptors monitor?

A

changes in pressure within blood vessels

48
Q

nerve impulses from chemoreceptros monitor?

A 
blood acidity (H+), CO2, O2
monitors concentration of chemical in blood
49
Q

outputs from the Cardiovascular center from Heart are?

A
  • parasympathetic (vagus nerve): decrease heart rate

- sympathetic (cardiac accelerator nerves): can increase or decrease in contractility & rate

50
Q

Output from the Cardiovascular Center of Blood Vessels

A

sympathetic vasomotor nerves

  • continual stimulation to arterioles in skin & abd viscera producing vasoconstriction (vasomotor tone)
  • increased stimulation produces constriction & increased BP
51
Q

what is the neural regulation of Blood Pressure?

A

baroreceptor reflexes ( carotid sinus reflex and aortic reflex)

52
Q

which baroreceptor reflex maintains normal BP in brain, and sends impulses glossopharyngeal nerve to cardiovascular center in medulla

A

carotid sinus reflex (swellings in internal artery wall)

53
Q

which baroreceptro reflex sends impulses via teh vagus nerve to cardiovascular center and maintains general systemic BP?

A

aortic reflex (receptors in wall of ascending aorta)

54
Q

if feedback is decreased, CV center reduces or increase parasympathetic or sympathetic stimulation of the heart?

A

reduces parasympathetic

increases sympathetic stimulation of heart

55
Q

what happens when you put pressure on carotid sinus?

A
  • tight collar or hyperextension of neck

- may slow heart rate & cause carotid sinus syncope or fainting

56
Q

a decrease in BP or decreased blood flow to kidney and release of renin / results in formation of angiotensin II is which system?

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (of hormonal regulation of BP)

57
Q

chemoreceptor reflexes does what?

A

-
carotid bodies and aorta bodies
- detect changes in blood levels of O2, CO2, and H+ (hypoxia, hypercapnia or acidosis)
- causes stimulation of cardiovascular center
- increases sympathetic stimulation to arterioles & veins
- vasoconstriction and increase in blood pressure
-also changes breathing rates as well

58
Q

what increases heart rate & force of contraction; causes vasoconstriction in skin and abd organs; and vasodilation in cardiac & skeletal muscle

A

epinephrine & norepinephrine

59
Q

what hormone causes vasoconstriction?

A

ADH

60
Q

which hormone causes vasodilation & loss of salt and water in urine?

A

ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) lowers BP

61
Q

what is the ability to make local changes as needed by the demand for O2 and waste removal in capillary bed? and this is important where?

A

autoregulation

important for tissues that have major increases in activity (brain, cardiac & skeletal muscle)

62
Q

warming and decrease in vascular stretching promotes what?

A

vasodilation

63
Q

how does vasoactive substances released from cells alter vessel diameter (K+, H+, lactic acid, nitric oxide)?

A
  • systemic vessels dilate in response to low levels of O2

- pulmonary vessels constrict in response to low levels of O2

64
Q

what is shock?

A

failure of cardiovascular system to deliver enough O2 and nutrients

  • inadequate perfusion
  • cells forced switch to anaerobic respiration
  • lactic acid builds up
  • cells and tissues become damaged & die
65
Q

which shock is due to loss of blood or body fluids (hemorrhage, sweating, diarrhea), how does it happen?

A

hypovolemic shock

- venous return to heart declines & output decrease

66
Q

which shock is caused by damaged to pumping action of the heart? what are examples?

A

cardiogenic shock

MI, ischemia, valve problems or arrhythmia

67
Q

vascular shock causing drop inappropriate vasodilation

A

anaphylactic shock, septic shock or neurogenic shock (head trauma)

68
Q

obstructive shock caused by blockage of circulation

A

pulmonary embolism

69
Q

what are the mechanism of compensation in shock attempt to return cardiac output & BP to normal?

A
  • activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
  • secretion of antidiuretic hormone
  • activation of sympathetic nervous system
  • release of local vasodilators
70
Q

if blood volume drops by 10 - 20% or if BP does not rise sufficiently what can happen?

A

perfusion may be inadequate and cells may start to die

71
Q

alternate expansion and recoil of elastic artery after each systole of the left ventricle is?

what is normal pulse rate?

A

pulse (is a pressure wave)

between 70-80 beat/min
tachycardia is rate over 100 beats/min, bradycardia is under 60

Winter 2014 / Human Physiology (4 decks)

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