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Winter 2014 / Human Physiology > Blood Physiologys > Flashcards

Blood Physiologys Flashcards

0
Q

what forms branches into capillary bed?

A

metarterioles

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1
Q

what delivers blood to capillaries?

A

small arteries (tunica media contains few layers of muscle)

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2
Q

to bypass capillary bed, precapillary sphincter close & blood flows out of bed where?

A

in Thoroughfare Channel

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3
Q

what is the intermittent contraction & relaxation of sphincters that allow filling of capillary bed 5-10 times/min?

A

vasomotion

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4
Q

what are microscopic vessels that connect arterioles to venules?

A

capillaries (that form microcirculation)

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5
Q

where are capillaries found?

A

found near every cells in the body, but more extensive in highly active tissue (muscles, liver, kidneys & brain
- entire capillary bed fills with blood when tissue is active

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6
Q

where are capillaries NOT found?

A

in epithelia, cornea and lens of eye & catilage

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7
Q

what is the FUNCTION of capiliaries?

A

exchange of nutrients & wastes between blood and tissue fluid

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8
Q

what is the structure of capillaries?

A

single layer of simple squamous epithelium and its basement membrane

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9
Q

what are the types of capillary exchange?

A
  • diffusion
  • transcytosis
  • bulk flow
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10
Q

of the three type of capillary exchange, which one is the most important method?

A

diffusion

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11
Q

when substances move down concentration gradient, this is what type of capillary exchange?

A

diffusion

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12
Q

how does plasma solutes (except large proteins pass freely across) in diffusion?

A

through lipid bilayers, fenestrations, or intercellular clefts

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13
Q

what does not allow diffusion of water-soluble materials, what is the structure of the membrane?

A

blood brain barrier

nonfenestrated epithelium with tight junction

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14
Q

passage of material across endothelium in tiny vesicles by endocytosis and exocytosis is what type of capillary exchange?

A

transcytosis

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15
Q

large, lipid-insoluble molecules such as insulin or maternal antibodies passing through the placental circulation to fetus is an example of what type of capillary exchange?

A

transcytosis

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16
Q

movement of large amount of dissolved or suspended material int the same direction is what type of capillary exchange?

A

bulk flow (filtration & reabsorption)

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17
Q

which capillary exchange method moves in response to pressure (from area of high pressure to area of low), and has a fastr rate of movt than diffusion or osmosis?

A

bulk flow

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18
Q

what is the most important method of capillary exchange for regulation of relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid?

A

bulk flow

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19
Q

what is the movt of material into interstitial fluid?

A

filtration

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20
Q

what is the movt from interstitial fluid into capillaries?

A

reabsorption

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21
Q

filtration is promoted by what two pressures?

A

Blood Hydrostatic Pressure

Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure

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22
Q

reabsorption is promoted by what pressures?

A

Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure

Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure

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23
Q

what is the equation for net filtration?

A

NFP = (BHP+IFOP) - (BCOP+IFHP)

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24
which law dictates that the volume of fluid & solutes reabsorbed is almost as large as the volume filtered?
Starling's Law of Capillaries
25
whether fluids leave or enter capillaries depends on?
net balance of pressure
26
about how much percentage of filtered fluid is returned to the capillary? what happens to escaped fluid and plasma proteins?
85% they are collected by lymphatic cappiliaries (3liters/day)
27
what is an abnormal increase in interstitial fluid if filtration exceeds reabsorption?
edema
28
what are the result of excess filtration?
- increased blood pressure (hypertension) | - increased permeability of capillaries allows plasma proteins to escape
29
what is the result of inadequate reabsorption?
- decreased concentration of plasma proteins lower blood colloid osmotic pressure (for example, inadequate synthesis or loss from liver disease, burns, malnutrition or KD disease)
30
what are the pressure difference that drive the blood flow?
- velocity of blood flow - volume of blood flow - blood pressure
31
speed of blood flow in cm/sec is inversely related to...?
cross sectional area and diameter of the vessel
32
what is the time it takes a drop of blood to travel from right atrium back to right atrium?
circulation time
33
volume of blood flow is affected by?
cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
34
what factors influence cardiac output?
- blood pressure - resistance due to friction bt blood cells and blood vessel walls (blood flows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure)
35
blood pressure is the highest in the?
aorta | 120mm Hg during systole & 80 during diastole
36
if heart rate increases cardiac output, what happens to the Blood Pressure?
BP risese
37
water retention increase or decreases blood pressure?
increases blood pressure
38
what causes resistance?
average blood vessel radius blood viscosity (thickness) total blood vessel length
39
the volume of blood flowing back to the heart from systemic veins is called?
venous return
40
venous return depends on what factors?
- depends on pressure difference from venules (16 mm Hg) to right atrium - tricuspid valve leaky and buildup of blood on venous side of circulation
41
sudden loss of consciousness due to sudden emotional stress is
vasodepressor syncope
42
sudden loss of consciousness due to antihypertensives, diurectics, vasodialators and tranquilizers is?
drug-induced syncope
43
loss of consciousness due to decrease in BP upon standing is ?
orthostatic hypotension
44
what is syncope
fainting or sudden, temporary loss of consciousness not due to trauma, but due to cerebral ischemia or lack of blood flow to the brain
45
nerve impulses from higher brain centers such as cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus input to Cardiovascular center what type of information?
- anticipation of competition | - increase in body temperature
46
nerve impulses from proprioceptors monitor?
joint movement | input during physical activity
47
nerve impulses from baroreceptors monitor?
changes in pressure within blood vessels
48
nerve impulses from chemoreceptros monitor?
``` blood acidity (H+), CO2, O2 monitors concentration of chemical in blood ```
49
outputs from the Cardiovascular center from Heart are?
- parasympathetic (vagus nerve): decrease heart rate | - sympathetic (cardiac accelerator nerves): can increase or decrease in contractility & rate
50
Output from the Cardiovascular Center of Blood Vessels
sympathetic vasomotor nerves - continual stimulation to arterioles in skin & abd viscera producing vasoconstriction (vasomotor tone) - increased stimulation produces constriction & increased BP
51
what is the neural regulation of Blood Pressure?
baroreceptor reflexes ( carotid sinus reflex and aortic reflex)
52
which baroreceptor reflex maintains normal BP in brain, and sends impulses glossopharyngeal nerve to cardiovascular center in medulla
carotid sinus reflex (swellings in internal artery wall)
53
which baroreceptro reflex sends impulses via teh vagus nerve to cardiovascular center and maintains general systemic BP?
aortic reflex (receptors in wall of ascending aorta)
54
if feedback is decreased, CV center reduces or increase parasympathetic or sympathetic stimulation of the heart?
reduces parasympathetic | increases sympathetic stimulation of heart
55
what happens when you put pressure on carotid sinus?
- tight collar or hyperextension of neck | - may slow heart rate & cause carotid sinus syncope or fainting
56
a decrease in BP or decreased blood flow to kidney and release of renin / results in formation of angiotensin II is which system?
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (of hormonal regulation of BP)
57
chemoreceptor reflexes does what?
- carotid bodies and aorta bodies - detect changes in blood levels of O2, CO2, and H+ (hypoxia, hypercapnia or acidosis) - causes stimulation of cardiovascular center - increases sympathetic stimulation to arterioles & veins - vasoconstriction and increase in blood pressure -also changes breathing rates as well
58
what increases heart rate & force of contraction; causes vasoconstriction in skin and abd organs; and vasodilation in cardiac & skeletal muscle
epinephrine & norepinephrine
59
what hormone causes vasoconstriction?
ADH
60
which hormone causes vasodilation & loss of salt and water in urine?
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) lowers BP
61
what is the ability to make local changes as needed by the demand for O2 and waste removal in capillary bed? and this is important where?
autoregulation important for tissues that have major increases in activity (brain, cardiac & skeletal muscle)
62
warming and decrease in vascular stretching promotes what?
vasodilation
63
how does vasoactive substances released from cells alter vessel diameter (K+, H+, lactic acid, nitric oxide)?
- systemic vessels dilate in response to low levels of O2 | - pulmonary vessels constrict in response to low levels of O2
64
what is shock?
failure of cardiovascular system to deliver enough O2 and nutrients - inadequate perfusion - cells forced switch to anaerobic respiration - lactic acid builds up - cells and tissues become damaged & die
65
which shock is due to loss of blood or body fluids (hemorrhage, sweating, diarrhea), how does it happen?
hypovolemic shock | - venous return to heart declines & output decrease
66
which shock is caused by damaged to pumping action of the heart? what are examples?
cardiogenic shock | MI, ischemia, valve problems or arrhythmia
67
vascular shock causing drop inappropriate vasodilation
anaphylactic shock, septic shock or neurogenic shock (head trauma)
68
obstructive shock caused by blockage of circulation
pulmonary embolism
69
what are the mechanism of compensation in shock attempt to return cardiac output & BP to normal?
- activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone - secretion of antidiuretic hormone - activation of sympathetic nervous system - release of local vasodilators
70
if blood volume drops by 10 - 20% or if BP does not rise sufficiently what can happen?
perfusion may be inadequate and cells may start to die
71
alternate expansion and recoil of elastic artery after each systole of the left ventricle is? what is normal pulse rate?
pulse (is a pressure wave) | between 70-80 beat/min tachycardia is rate over 100 beats/min, bradycardia is under 60

Winter 2014 / Human Physiology (4 decks)

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