Blood physiology - H/O Flashcards
Blood components
54% plasma
45% RBC/Erythrocytes
1% WBC and platelets
What makes up Plasma
91% water
7% proteins: Albumin, antibodies, coagulation proteins, lipoproteins
2% nutrients, hormones and electrolyes
What are the WBC/leukocytes
- Neutrophils
- Basophils
- Eosinophils
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Granulated
- 1st line of defense
- phagocytosis
- MC WBC
Basophil
- granulated
- similar to mast cell
- mediate inflammation
- secrete histamine and serotonin
Eosinophil
- granulated
- allergic rxns
- phagocytosis
- release histamine
- parasitic infections
Monocyte
- NOT granulated
- turns into macrophage and dendritic cell
Lymphocyte
- B and T cells
- Adaptive immune response
- recognize antigens and invaders
Platelets/thrombocytes
- anuclear
- cell fragment of megakaryocytes
- attach to interstitial epithelial collagen to make a plug
- release fibrinogen -> fibrin which makes the glue and basis of a clot
Leukocytosis
increased number of WBC
Neutrophilia
- Increased number of nutrophils
- bacterial infection (aka reactive leukocytosis), cigarettes, corticosteroids, stress, ARF, hyperthyroidism, collagen vascular disease
Lymphocytosis
- increased # of lymphocytes
- virus, toxoplasmosis, pertussis
Monocytosis
- increased number of monocytes
- TB, listeria, brucella, fungi, parasites
Eosinophilia
- increased number of eosinophils
- parasites, asthma, allergies, PAN, RA
Basophilia
- increased # of basophils
- myeloproliferative disorders
Leukopenia (aka Leukocytopenia, or Neutropenia)
-decreased number of WBC
caused by:
-chemo, immunosuppressants, neuropsych meds (clozapine, depakote, lamictal, wellbutrin)
-radiation therapy
-viral infections (HIV)
-bacterial infections (Brucella)
-aplastic anemia (although anemia, this is basically a pancytopenia)
Thrombocytosis
increased number of platelets
- myeloproliferative syndromes
- Essential Thrombocytosis
Thrombocytopenia (TCP
decreased number of platelets
decreased production
- marrow failure or replacement
- toxins/meds
- decreased plt survival
increased destruction or consumption
- hypersplenism
- Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
- Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Hemostasis
- process of how blood stays fluid and free of clots, but can become solid and clot when there is vessel injury
- normal clotting after a laceration
- fluid blood when the vessels are normal
- blood is fluid when it should be, and becomes solid when there is endothelial damage
- depends on interactions between: endothelium, platelets, coagulation cascade (CC)
- a Bleeding Disorder (aka Hypocoagulable State, or Disorder of Hemostasis) is due to abnormal platelets or an abnormal coagulation cascade
Thrombosis
- a pathological process in which clotting occurs in an intact vascular system
- thrombotic stoke
- Embolus: a thrombus which breaks free from its origin and fragments to other sites ie: pulmonary embolism
due to:
- abnormal activation of the coagulation cascade
- abnormal interactions between endothelium and platelets
- a Clotting Disorder (aka Hypercoagulable State, or Disorder of Thrombosis), is influenced by Virchow’s Triad
Bleeding Disorders
Hypocoagulable States
Disorders of Hemostasis
- Clotting Factor Deficiencies
- Abnormal Platelet Function
a. Myeloproliferative Dz (MPD)
b. vonWillebrand’s Disease
c. meds
d. chronic disease - Thrombocytopenic Purpura
a. idiopathic (ITP)
b. thrombotic (TTP)
c. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome - Coagulopathies
a. Hemophilia
b. VitK Deficiency
c. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
d. meds
Clotting Disorders
Hypercoagulable States
Disorders of Thrombosis
- Factor V Leiden
- Protein C or S Deficiencies
- Antiphospholipid Syndrome
- DIC
- meds
