Blood Part 1 Flashcards
What type of tissue is blood?
Specialized Connective Tissue
Blood: Name the cells.
- Formed elements
- Plasma
- Fibers
Blood: Name the fibers.
Fibrin strands
What is hematocrit? Give normal values for males and females.
*It’s the percent of RBC’s out of total blood volume
- Male: 5-6 L
- Female: 4-5 L
What is the pH value of blood?
7.35 - 7.45
Give % of total blood volume of RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets, and plasma
RBC’s = 45% of blood volume
WBC’s and platelets = < 1% of total blood volume
Plasma = 55% of total blood volume
3 functions of blood – give examples of each
1) Distribution
* Delivers O2 from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to all body cells
* Transports metabolic wastes from cells to elimination sites
* Transports hormones of endocrine system and enzymes
2) Regulation
* Maintains appropriate body temp.
* Maintains normal pH in body tissues
* Maintains adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system.
3) Protection
* prevents blood loss via clot formation
* Prevents infections - antibodies, complement proteins, WBC’s
Blood Plasma, what does it consist of (know percentages)
- Plasma Proteins 7%
- Other Solutes 1%
- Water 92%
What is Colloid?
Fluid with suspended substances that don’t settle out of solution
Name the 3 major categories of plasma proteins (their %’s) and their functions
1) Albumins 58%
* Involved in transport, maintain fluid levels (osmotic pressure)
2) Globulins 38%
* antibodies
* Transport globulins that bind ions, hormones, and other compounds.
3) Fibrinogen 4%
* Functions in clotting, molecules interact to form large insoluble fibrin.
Where are most of the plasma proteins made?
Produced by the liver
Erythrocytes what are they and what is their normal value?
- RBC’s
* 99.9%
RBC: do they have a nucleus?
No
RBC: Describe structure and function – why is there structure critical for their function?
- Biconcave disc
- Anucleate
- Bags of hemoglobin
- Lack mitochondria
**
What does anucleate mean?
No nucleus
Do they have mitochondria? Why or why not?
No, because they don’t consume O2 they’re carrying it.
What is hemoglobin? Describe its structure. Define oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin and carbaminohemoglobin
*molecule which transports respiratory gases.
- Structure:
- Protein with complex quaternary structure
- Each molecule has 4 polypeptide chains
- Each chain contains a single heme pigment molecule
Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
*Iron interacts with molecule of oxygen
Deoxyhemoglobin
*Hemoglobin not bound to oxygen
Carbaminohemoglobin
*CO2 that binds with hemoglobin in blood
Where is RBC’s produced?
Only in red bone marrow
What is myeloid tissue?
It’s tissue of bone marrow
What is the stem cell for all blood cells?
Hemocytoblasts also called Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
What is Erythropoiesis?
Blood cell formation
What hormone is involved with erythropoiesis?
Erythropoietin
What gland secretes erythropoietin?
Kidney
What is the stimulus for its release
- Anemia
- Decreased blood flow to the kidneys
- decreased oxygen content of air in the lungs
- damage to respiratory surface of the lungs.
What is the target organ for this release? Effects at the target organ?
- Kidney
- Stimulates stem cells and developing RBCs in the red bone marrow
How long do RBCs live? Where are they destroyed and by what? How are they broken down?
- 120 days
- Destroyed in spleen, liver, or bone marrow
- Destroyed by macrophages
- Macrophages engulf old RBCs before they rupture and remove Hb molecules and cell fragments
Hemoglobin recycling:
- Iron
- stored in phagocyte or, released into bloodstream.
- Globular proteins
- Disassembled into amino acids for other use
-Heme,bilicerdin,bilirubin Bloodstream
- Hemoglobin
- Not phagocytized breaks down into protein chains and eliminated in urine
Define Hypoxia. Give examples for this condition.
-Having low oxygen levels in your tissues/blood
- Anemia
- Decreased blood flow to the kidneys
- decreased oxygen content of air in the lungs
- damage to respiratory surface of the lungs.
Leukocytes what are they and what are their normal values?
- White Blood Cells (WBC)
- Normal value: 7000
- WBC count > 11,000/mm3
What are the 5 types of WBC from most to least abundant. Which ones are elevated?
- Neutrophils (elevated) (most)
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils (elevated)
- Basophiles (least)
(Terms) Define Diapedesis, Ameboid motion, Positive chemotaxis, Leukocytosis.
- Diapedesis
- WBC have the ability to slop out of the blood capillaries
- Ameboid motion
- Move through the tissues
- Positive chemotaxis
- WBCs follow chemical trails of molecules released by damaged cells
Are WBC just found in the blood?
No they can migrate out of the bloodstream
What are the granulocytes/agranulocytes?
- Granulocytes
- They are a class of WBC that have abundant cytoplasmic granules that absorb histological stains. So, you can see them under the microscope.
- Agrnaulocytes
- Are a class of WBCs that have few, if any, cytoplasmic granules that absorb histological stains. So, you would not see this one under a microscope.
Neutrophils
- Structure
- Function
- describe when their #s would be elevated
- Granules Y/N
- If yes, what do they consist of
- Primary location
- Round cell; nucleus lobed and may resemble a string of beads; cytoplasm contains large, pale inclusions
- Phagocytic: engulf pathogens or debris in injured or infected tissues; release cytotoxic enzymes and chemicals. ELEVATED in bacterial infections (some fungi)
- Yes, lysosomes and Defensins
- Red bone marrow
Eosinophils
- Structure
- Function
- describe when their #s would be elevated
- Granules Y/N
- If yes, what do they consist of
- Primary location
- Round cell; nucleus generally has two lobes; cytoplasm contains large granules.
- Phagocytic: engulf antibody-labeled materials; release cytotoxic enzymes; reduce inflammation; ELEVATED parasitic infections and allergies.
- Yes, lysosomes (stain red)
- Red bone marrow
Basophils
- Structure
- Function
- describe when their #s would be elevated
- Granules Y/N
- If yes, what do they consist of
- Primary location
- Round cell; cytoplasm appears purplish-black; nucleus has 2-3 lobes.
- Enter damages tissues and release histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation. ELEVATED in inflammatory reactions and allergic.
- Yes, Histamine (purplish-black staining)
- Red bone marrow
Monocytes
- Structure
- Function
- describe when their #s would be elevated
- Granules Y/N
- If yes, what do they consist of
- Primary location
- Very large cell; cytoplasm pale blue; nucleus U or kidney-shaped (dark purple)
- Enter tissues and become macrophages; engulf pathogens or debris. ACTIVE in chronic infections. ACTIVATE T cells to mount an immune response.
- No,
- Red bone marrow
Lymphocytes
- Structure
- Function
- describe when their #s would be elevated
- Granules Y/N
- If yes, what do they consist of
- Primary location
- Generally round cell; slightly larger than RBC; nucleus large, dark purple, takes up most of the cell; rim of pale blue cytoplasm
- Cells of lymphatic system; provide defense against specific pathogens or toxins. Important role in IMMUNITY.
- No, 2 ypes of lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes
- B lymphocytes
-Lymphoid tissue (tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, thymust, etc)
what is Leukopoiesis - what are the hormones that stimulate it?
- Production of WBCs
- Cytokines
What cells secrete these hormones (cytokines)?
- Macrophages
- T lymphocytes
What is the stimulus for secretion (cytokines)?
-inflammatory stimuli
How long do they live (cytokines)?
-few days to decades
Thrombocytes/platelets - normal range?
250,000-500,000/mm3
What cells are Thrombocytes/platelets derived from? You should know the 2 major cells in the pathway.
-Megakaryocytes
-
What hormone stimulates the process (platelets)?
-Thrombopoietin
What is the function of thrombocytes/platelets?
-Function in blood clotting
What is the lifespan of thrombocytes/platelets?
- 10 days due to no nucleus
Define Hemostasis.
-Stoppage of bleeding
What are the three different stages of hemostasis?
- Vascular spasm
- Platelet plug formation
- Coagulation (blood clotting)
Vascular spasm: what is it and what causes it?
-Vasoconstriction of damaged vessels
- This is triggered by:
- Damage to vascular smooth muscle
- Chemical released by endothelial cells and platelets
- Reflexes initiated by local pain receptors
What is the purpose of vascular spasm?
-Allows time for plug formation
Platelet plug formation - what is it?
-Platelets form a plug which temporarily seals breaks in vessel walls
Purpose of platelet plug formation?
-Prevents blood loss from damaged blood vessels
Describe the steps starting with tissue damage.
- Platelets become sticky and spiky in the presence of collagen fibers exposed by damaged epithelium
- After platelets adhere to exposed collagen, they become activated.
- As platelets become activated, they change shape and express fibrinogen receptors that can bind to fibrinogen which forms a bridge between the fibrinogen receptors of different platelets.
Platelet plug formation steps:
How are damaged tissue cells involved?
-Damaged tissue expose collagen, and collagen are what platelets binds to that helps start the formation of a bridge
Platelet plug formation steps:
What is platelet degramulation?
-Platelets release chemicals which:
m *Enhance vascular spasm (serotonin, thromboxane)
*Attract more platelets (ADP and thromboxane)
Platelet plug formation steps:
What is platelet activation?
-
Platelet plug formation steps:
How long does it take to form a plug?
-Forms in one minute
Platelet plug formation steps:
Is it a positive or negative feedback process? Explain.
-Because ADP and VWF levels are successively increased as more and more platelets activate to form the plug
Platelet plug formation steps:
What limits the growth of the platelet plug - be general here.
- Prostacyclin – produced by endothelium (inhibits platelet aggregation)
- Anticoagulants
Define blood clotting/coagulation.
-Blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel
Blood clotting/coagulation:
Define procoagulants. Where are they made and what vitamin is important for their production? Are they a type of plasma protein?
- Factors which enhance clot formation
- Many are synthesized in the liver.
- Vitamin K
- Yes, they circulate inactive in blood until mobilized
Blood clotting/coagulation:
Anticoagulants - give an example of one found in the body.
- Factors which inhibit clotting
- Ex. Heparin, aspirin, warfarin (coumadin), antithrombin III, protein C
Blood clotting/coagulation:
Of the two coagulants (anti/pro) which dominates in the blood?
-Anticoagulants
Distinguish between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway to prothrombin activator (prothrombinase)
*Both are triggered by tissue damage
- Intrinsic Pathway – all factors necessary for clotting are intrinsic to the blood ( factors I-XIII, calcium and PF3)
- Slower than extrinsic pathway
- Does not require TF for activation
- Can occur in a test tube
- Extrinsic Pathway – Requires tissue factor (TF) for activation
- Skips several steps of intrinsic pathway
- Faster than intrinsic pathway
- Cannot occur in a test tube
Which takes longer?
-Intrinsic Pathway
Which one can occur in a test tube?
-Intrinsic Pathway
Which one involves tissue factor? PF3?
-Extrinsic Pathway
What structure secretes tissue factor? PF3?
-
Describe how the process of coagulation functions as a cascade?
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