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Medical parasite > Blood parasite (Malaria) > Flashcards

Blood parasite (Malaria) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Type of malaria parasites?

A

Sporozoa (Plasmodium)

Phylum Apicomplexa

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2
Q

Malaria parasite transmitted by

A

Female Anopheles mosquito

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3
Q

Malaria parasite first found by who

A

French army, Charles Laveran (1880)

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4
Q

Staining for malaria parasite

A

developed by romanowsky

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5
Q

Life cycle first describe by

A

Amico Bigmani, Battista Grassi and Giovanni Bastianelli (1898)

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6
Q

Who culture malaria parasite first time and when

A

In 1976, Trager and Jensen (in vitro)

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7
Q

What are the 4 species that infect human

A

P. falciparum (most severe)
P. vivax (Worldwide)
P. malariae
P. ovale

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8
Q

1 species that infect animals

A

P. knowlesi (zoonotic infection)

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9
Q

P falciparum location

A

Tropics and subtropics

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10
Q

P. vivax

A

worldwide

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11
Q

P. ovale

A

Africa (west and south) and Asia

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12
Q

P. malariae

A

tropic and subtropics

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13
Q

Which one can go dormant and how do they hide?

A

P. vivax and P.ovale by hiding in the liver

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14
Q

How long they can go dormant

A

It can be reactivated after months or years after initial infection

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15
Q

Which one look similar and how they can be distinguish

A

P. malariae and P. knowlesi are similar, only distinguish by MOLECULAR methods

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16
Q

How many host for plasmodium and what are they?

A

2 hosts:

Human and mosquitoes.

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17
Q

Where do sexual reproduction takes place for plasmodium

A

In the mosquito

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18
Q

what is incubation period

A

between the time after the bite of infected mosquito until ….

first symptom appear

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19
Q

fever pattern

A

length of time needed for schizont to burst in one cycle only

20
Q

Relapse

A

reactivation of the Hypnozoites (dormant stage in liver) for P. vivax and Ovale. This is to start cycle in blood

21
Q

What is recrudescence

A

When parasites reappear in blood circulation after remains low (below) microscopic detection level

22
Q

Reinfection

A

When a person that is successfully treated becomes reinfected again

23
Q

What is the fever pattern, incubation period for falciparum

A

incubation : a week to 12 days

fever pattern : schizont will burst in 36-48 days (max 2 days)

24
Q

What is the fever pattern, incubation period for vivax

A

Incubation: longer 10 days to 6 months

fever pattern: 48 hours (2 days)

25
Q

What is the fever pattern, incubation period for malariae

A

Incubation: 18 to 40 days

FP : 72 hours (3 days)

26
Q

What is the fever pattern, incubation period for P ovale

A

Incubation: 16 - 18 days
FP: 48 hours

27
Q

What is the fever pattern, incubation period for knowlesi

A

Incubation: 12 days

FP : 24 hours

28
Q

Can falciparum relapse

A

NO

29
Q

can vivax relapse

A

Yes

30
Q

can Ovale relapse

A

Yes

31
Q

can malariae relapse

A

No

32
Q

can knowlesi relapse

A

No

33
Q

How many stages of malaria life cycle, what are they

A

3 stages:
Human liver stages
Human blood stages
Mosquito stages

34
Q

What happen in mosquito stage? / Sporogonic cycle

A

Sexual reproduction

  • first mosquito will take in blood meal from infected person
  • mosquito ingested the gametocytes
  • exflagelatted microgamete will enter the macrogamete in mosquito stomach to form Ookinete (zygote)
  • Ookinete will form Oocysts when they invade the midgut wall
  • Oocyts will rupture to release the sporozoites (Infective stage) in mosquito, go to salivary glands
35
Q

What happen in human liver stages (exoerythrocytic cycle)?

A
  • Sporozoites will straight away enter liver cells
  • In liver cells, they mature into schizonts.
  • Schizont will rupture and release Merozoites

Replication in liver cells is also called Exo-erythrocytic schizogony

36
Q

What happen in human blood stage? ( Erythrocytic cycle)

A

Merozoites from liver will enter the RBC

In RBC, they may develop into immature or mature ring stage trophozoites (THIS STAGE CAN BE DIAGNOSE by the ring appearance)

The immature ones will mature into gametocytes for sexual reproductive stage.

Mature ones will develop into schizont and they rupture to release even more merozoites

37
Q

What is so special about P vivax and P ovale

A

They have a dormant stage, which is hypnozoites. where they remain in liver and cause relapse into blood stream infection (weeks or years after)

38
Q

What is the term for process of replication in liver

A

Exo-erythrocytic schizogony

39
Q

What is the term for asexual multiplication in RBC

A

Erythrocytic schizogony

40
Q

What is the male gamate of this parasite

A

Microgametocytes

41
Q

The female gametes

A

Macrogametocytes

42
Q

What is Ookinetes

A

When the zygote becomes motile and elongated, able to invade the midgut

43
Q

How to recognize immature trophozoites in RBC

A

parasite has RING and red chromatin with blue cytoplasm

44
Q

Schizont and gametocytes how to recognize in RBC

A

Brown pigments addition

45
Q

Why falciparum more severe

A

faster life cycle

higher number of merozoite and schizonts

infect all ages of RBC

can have multiple infection
produces sticky chemical substances

Medical parasite (1 decks)

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