Blood parasite (Malaria) Flashcards
Type of malaria parasites?
Sporozoa (Plasmodium)
Phylum Apicomplexa
Malaria parasite transmitted by
Female Anopheles mosquito
Malaria parasite first found by who
French army, Charles Laveran (1880)
Staining for malaria parasite
developed by romanowsky
Life cycle first describe by
Amico Bigmani, Battista Grassi and Giovanni Bastianelli (1898)
Who culture malaria parasite first time and when
In 1976, Trager and Jensen (in vitro)
What are the 4 species that infect human
P. falciparum (most severe)
P. vivax (Worldwide)
P. malariae
P. ovale
1 species that infect animals
P. knowlesi (zoonotic infection)
P falciparum location
Tropics and subtropics
P. vivax
worldwide
P. ovale
Africa (west and south) and Asia
P. malariae
tropic and subtropics
Which one can go dormant and how do they hide?
P. vivax and P.ovale by hiding in the liver
How long they can go dormant
It can be reactivated after months or years after initial infection
Which one look similar and how they can be distinguish
P. malariae and P. knowlesi are similar, only distinguish by MOLECULAR methods
How many host for plasmodium and what are they?
2 hosts:
Human and mosquitoes.
Where do sexual reproduction takes place for plasmodium
In the mosquito
what is incubation period
between the time after the bite of infected mosquito until ….
first symptom appear
fever pattern
length of time needed for schizont to burst in one cycle only
Relapse
reactivation of the Hypnozoites (dormant stage in liver) for P. vivax and Ovale. This is to start cycle in blood
What is recrudescence
When parasites reappear in blood circulation after remains low (below) microscopic detection level
Reinfection
When a person that is successfully treated becomes reinfected again
What is the fever pattern, incubation period for falciparum
incubation : a week to 12 days
fever pattern : schizont will burst in 36-48 days (max 2 days)
What is the fever pattern, incubation period for vivax
Incubation: longer 10 days to 6 months
fever pattern: 48 hours (2 days)
What is the fever pattern, incubation period for malariae
Incubation: 18 to 40 days
FP : 72 hours (3 days)
What is the fever pattern, incubation period for P ovale
Incubation: 16 - 18 days
FP: 48 hours
What is the fever pattern, incubation period for knowlesi
Incubation: 12 days
FP : 24 hours
Can falciparum relapse
NO
can vivax relapse
Yes
can Ovale relapse
Yes
can malariae relapse
No
can knowlesi relapse
No
How many stages of malaria life cycle, what are they
3 stages:
Human liver stages
Human blood stages
Mosquito stages
What happen in mosquito stage? / Sporogonic cycle
Sexual reproduction
- first mosquito will take in blood meal from infected person
- mosquito ingested the gametocytes
- exflagelatted microgamete will enter the macrogamete in mosquito stomach to form Ookinete (zygote)
- Ookinete will form Oocysts when they invade the midgut wall
- Oocyts will rupture to release the sporozoites (Infective stage) in mosquito, go to salivary glands
What happen in human liver stages (exoerythrocytic cycle)?
- Sporozoites will straight away enter liver cells
- In liver cells, they mature into schizonts.
- Schizont will rupture and release Merozoites
Replication in liver cells is also called Exo-erythrocytic schizogony
What happen in human blood stage? ( Erythrocytic cycle)
Merozoites from liver will enter the RBC
In RBC, they may develop into immature or mature ring stage trophozoites (THIS STAGE CAN BE DIAGNOSE by the ring appearance)
The immature ones will mature into gametocytes for sexual reproductive stage.
Mature ones will develop into schizont and they rupture to release even more merozoites
What is so special about P vivax and P ovale
They have a dormant stage, which is hypnozoites. where they remain in liver and cause relapse into blood stream infection (weeks or years after)
What is the term for process of replication in liver
Exo-erythrocytic schizogony
What is the term for asexual multiplication in RBC
Erythrocytic schizogony
What is the male gamate of this parasite
Microgametocytes
The female gametes
Macrogametocytes
What is Ookinetes
When the zygote becomes motile and elongated, able to invade the midgut
How to recognize immature trophozoites in RBC
parasite has RING and red chromatin with blue cytoplasm
Schizont and gametocytes how to recognize in RBC
Brown pigments addition
Why falciparum more severe
faster life cycle
higher number of merozoite and schizonts
infect all ages of RBC
can have multiple infection
produces sticky chemical substances
