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[OS 201] Histology Exam 2 > Blood Lecture Exam > Flashcards

Blood Lecture Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What imparts fluid properties to blood?

A

Plasma

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2
Q

Volume of packed erythrocytes in a sample of blood is called?

A

Hematocrit

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3
Q

Which sex has a higher hematocrit reading?

A

Men

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4
Q

Leukocytes and platelets constitute what % of the blood volume?

A

1%

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5
Q

What % of the blood is formed by:

Plasma

A

55%

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6
Q

What % of the blood is formed by:

Hematocrit (And in what % each)

A

45%
WBC + Platelets: 1%
RBC: 44%

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7
Q

What % of WBC is formed by:

Neutrophils

A

~60%

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8
Q

What % of WBC is formed by:

Eosinophils

A

~4%

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9
Q

What % of WBC is formed by:

Basophils

A

<1%

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10
Q

What % of WBC is formed by:

Lymphocytes

A

~27%

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11
Q

What % of WBC is formed by:

Monocytes

A

~8%

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12
Q

Average Size of an RBC

A

7-8 uM Diameter

2 uM Thickness

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13
Q

Shape of an RBC

A

Biconcave Disc

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14
Q

[T/F] RBC have a nucleus

A

F

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15
Q

What gives RBC its biconcave shape?

A

Spectrin interacting with actin, forming a filamentous network attached to ankyrin

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16
Q

Function: Band 3 Protein

A

Anion transporter which maintains ionic concentrations

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17
Q

Function: Protein 4.1

A

Maintains membrane-skeleton framework

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18
Q

Function: Glycophorin Protein

A

Attached to the plasma membrane for passages of substances. Rationale for ABO/Blood Transfusion

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19
Q

What happens to RBCs in a hypertonic solution?

A

Crenation

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20
Q

What happens to RBCs in a hypotonic solution?

A

Hemolytic swelling

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21
Q

What is a Rouleaux?

What causes it?

A

“Stack of Coins”

Increased proteins such as in immune response

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22
Q

What is Agglutination?

A

Clumping of RBCs

Result of antibody vs RBC membrane antigen reaction

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23
Q

What is the concentration of fluids isotonic to blodo plasma?

A

0.9 Normal Saline Solution IV Fluids

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24
Q

Cause of Erythroblastosis fetalis?

A

Difference in Rh blood groups of mother and fetus

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25
Q

What is characteristic of Anemia?

A

Decreased number of functioning RBC/Amount of hemoglobin in RBC

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26
Q

What causes sickle cell anemia?

A

Mutation of 1 amino acid in the beta chain of Hb

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27
Q

Average size of a platelet

A

2-3uM

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28
Q

Shape of a platelet?

A

Thin, biconvex disc

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29
Q

[Platelets]

What contains proteins important for clotting?

A

Granules

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30
Q

[Platelets]

Where are granular contents discharged?

A

Canaliculi

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31
Q

[Platelets]

Differentiate Granulomere and Hyalomere

A

G: Thicker, central region
H: Thin, pale-blue peripheral zone

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32
Q

[Platelets]

What is used for contraction or clot retraction?

A

Actin/Myosin

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33
Q

4 Types of Alpha Granules

A

Platelet Factor IV
Von Willebrand Factor
Platelet Derived Growth Factor
Thrombospondin

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34
Q

Function: Platelet Factor IV

A

Counteracts heparin for formation of blood clot

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35
Q

Function: Von Willebrand Factor

A

Ahdesion of platelet to injured blood vessel

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36
Q

Function: Platelet Derived Growth Factor

A

Fibroblast proliferation for repairing injury such as in blood vessel wall

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37
Q

Function: Thrombospondin

A

For platelet adhesion and aggregation

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38
Q

Examples of Dense Granules (3)

Function?

A
  1. ADP
  2. Calcium
  3. Serotonin

Supportive function, vasoconstriction

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39
Q

What is Hemostasis?

A

Formation of a blood clot

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40
Q

Name the phases in order (5)

A
  1. Vascular Phase
  2. Platelet Adhesion/Aggregation Phase
  3. Plasma Coagulation Phase
  4. Clot Retraction Phase
  5. Fibrinolysis/Clot Destruction Phase
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41
Q

[What’s Happening?]

Vascular Phase

A

Initiated by physical injury to blood vessels

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42
Q

[What’s Happening?]

Platelet Adhesion/Aggregation Phase

A

Formation of a platelet plug

Platelets adhere to site of injury due to von Willebrand factor

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43
Q

What releases von Willebrand factor?

A

Damaged Endothelium

44
Q

What causes additional platelet adhesion?

A

Adherent platelets release adenosine diphosphate and thromboxane A2

45
Q

[What’s Happening?]

Plasma Coagulation Phase

A

Fibrin forms a network of fibers which traps cells and platelets forming a thrombus or clot

46
Q

What is the primary plug?

What is the secondary plug?

Which is stronger?

A

Platelet Plug

Fibrin Network: Semi-solid Gel

Both of them together

47
Q

[What’s Happening?]

Clot Retraction Phase

A

Continuity of blood vessels to reduce chance of further hemorrhage

48
Q

[What’s Happening?]

Clot Destruction Phase

A

Clot dissolved by plasmin

For regulation and control after complete repair of injury to restore normal circulation

49
Q

What are the only nucleated blood cells?

A

Leukocytes

50
Q

Shape of Leukocytes (Non-motile and motile forms)

A

Spherical and non-motile

Flattened ameboid and motile

51
Q 
[Neutrophils]
Granulocytic of Agranulocytic?
Plenty during?
How long does it stay in the blood?
How long does it stay in tissues?
A

Granulocytic
Bacterial Infections
8 Hours
1-2 Days

52
Q

[Identify]
2 or more lobes + chromatin strands
Drumstick appendage in females
Dark nucleus due to highly condensed chromatin

A

Neutrophils

53
Q

[Neutrophils]

Two types of Cytoplasmic Granules?

A
  1. Non-specific/Azurophilic

2. Specific

54
Q

What are the most numerous WBCs as well as the most common granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils

55
Q

[Specific Granules in Neutrophils]

Name 3

Function?

A
  1. Alkaline Phosphatase
  2. Collagenase
  3. Lysozyme

Contains enzymes and complement activators and other antimicrobial peptides

56
Q

[Eosinophils]
How long does it stay in the blood?
How long does it stay in CT?

A

6-10 Hours

8-12 Days

57
Q

[Eosinophils]

Functions (3)

A

Defense against parasites
Damage control in allergic reactions (Degrades histamine)
Chronic Inflammation (Phagocytoses and disposes antigen-antibody complexes)

58
Q

[Specific Granules of Eosinophils]

Shape and Size
Types

A

Large and crystalloid

Major Basic Protein
Eosinophil Cationic Protein
Eosinophil Peroxidase
Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin

59
Q

[Non-Specific Granules of Neutrophils]

Name 3

A

Peroxidase
Acid Phosphatase
B-Glucuronidase

60
Q

[Non-Specific Granules of Eosinophils]

Name 2

A

Histamine

Aryl Sulfatase

61
Q

[Basophil]

Describe Nucleus

Fucntion

A

Bilobed

Allergic Response

62
Q

[Specific Granules of Basophils]

Name 3

A

Histamine
Heparin
SRS-A

63
Q

[Non-specific Granules of Basophils]

Give an example

A

None

Basophils have no lysosomes, they are not phagocytic

64
Q

[Lymphocytes]

3 Descriptions

A

Recirculating: Most long-lived
Smallest WBC
High N:C Ratio

65
Q

[Monocytes]

Describe Size
Describe Nucleus

A

Largest: 17-20 uM

Eccentric, pale staining, bean-shaped nucleus

66
Q

[Macrophages]

Function

A

“BIg Eater”
“Cleans Up”
Antigen-Presenting Cell

67
Q

[Macrophages]

What are they called in:

  1. Lung
  2. Liver
  3. Brain
A
  1. Alveolar Macrophages
  2. Kuppfer Cells
  3. Microglia
68
Q

[Major Plasma Proteins]

List 5

A 
Albumin
Globulin a, b, and gamma
Complement Proteins
Clotting Factors
Plasma Lipoproteins
69
Q

[Major Plasma Proteins]

Function: Albumin

A

Maintain colloid osmotic pressure; transport insoluble metabolites

70
Q

[Major Plasma Proteins]

Function: Globulin a, b, and gamma

A

A & B: Transport metal ions, protein-bound lipid, and lipid-soluble vitamins

G: Antibodies for Host Defense

71
Q

[Major Plasma Proteins]

Function: Complement Proteins

A

Destruction of Microorganisms

72
Q

[Major Plasma Proteins]

Function: Clotting Factors

A

Formation of Blood Clot

I really hope you press 5 on this one >_<

73
Q

[Major Plasma Proteins]

Function: Plasma Lipoproteins

A

Transport of triglycerides from cholesterol to/from liver

74
Q

[T/F]

WBCs are transfused

A

F

75
Q

[Blood Transfusion]

What do you need for:

  1. Blood Loss during Surgery/Trauma
  2. Anticoagulant Overdose
  3. Dengue
A
  1. RBCs
  2. Fresh Frozen Plasma
  3. Platelets
76
Q

What is the process in which mature blood cells develop from precursor cells?

A

Hemopoiesis

77
Q

[Lifespan of Blood Cells]

  1. Granulocytes
  2. Platelets
  3. Monocytes
  4. Macrophages
  5. RBC
  6. Memory Lymphocytes
A
  1. 1-2 Days
  2. 9-12 Days
  3. 1-3 Days
  4. Months
  5. 4 Months
  6. Years
78
Q

[Site of Hemopoiesis]
Intrauterine (3)
Birth (1)

A

I: Yolk Sac, Liver, Spleen
B: Bone Marrow

79
Q

Two Types of Bone Marrow

A

Red and Yellow

80
Q

What type of Bone Marrow is found in newborns? By what age does it change, and to what color does it change?

A

N: Red

By age 10, it becomes yellow mostly

81
Q

Sites of Red Marrow (6)

A 
Skull
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebral Column
Pelvis
Proximal Femur/Humerus
82
Q

What is the Monophyletic Theory of Hemopoeisis?

A

Pluripotential Hemopoetic Stem Cell gives rise to all types of blood cells

83
Q

[Characteristics of Precursor Cells]

Name 5

A
  1. Common
  2. Unipotential
  3. Fast Dividing
  4. Non-self Renewing
  5. Morphologically Distinct
84
Q

[What Occurrence is Responsible For These]

  1. RBC
  2. Granulocytes
  3. Platelets
  4. Monocytes
  5. Lymphocytes
A
  1. Erythropoiesis
  2. Granulopoiesis
  3. Megakaryopoiesis
  4. Monopoiesis
  5. Lymphopoiesis
85
Q

Megakaryopoiesis occurs through?

A

Endomitosis

86
Q

What occurs during Endomitosis?

A

Repeated nuclear division (karyokinesis) without cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)

87
Q

How can you visualize reticulocytes?

A

With supravital stains, e.g. cresyl blue

88
Q

[T/F]

Pluripotential Hemopoietic Stem Cells are self-renewing.

A

T

89
Q

[Changes During Hemopoiesis]

Cell Size
Nuclear Size
Nucleoli + Euchromatin
Cytoplasm

Effects?

A

Cell Size Decreases
Nuclear Size Decreases
Nucleoli + Euchromatin Decreases
Cytoplasm Decreases in Basophilia

90
Q

Mitotic activity is only up to the _____ stage

Self-renewal is only up to the _____ stage

A

Precursor Cell Stage

Progenitor Cell Stage

91
Q

[Changes During Erythropoiesis]

Cell Size
Organelles
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

Effects?

A

Cells become smaller
Organelles are lost
Nucleus smaller/darker -> Pycnotic -> Extruded
Basophilic -> Eosinophilic (As Ribosomes are replaced by Hb)

92
Q

[Proerythroblast]

Cytoplasm Color
Describe Nucleus and other special features

A

Mildly basophilic

Large nucleus with 1-2 Nucleoli

93
Q

[Basophilic Erythroblast]

Cytoplasm Color
Describe Nucleus and other special features

A

Intensely basophilic cytoplasm

Slightly darker nucleus, no nucleoli

94
Q

[Polychromatophilic Erythroblast]

Cytoplasm Color
Describe Nucleus and other special features

A 
Combined blue (ribosomes) and pink (Hb) = Grey or dull cytoplasm
More condensed chromatin = Checkerboard Nucleus

Last cell capable of mitosis
Hb production begins

95
Q

[Orthochromatophilic Erythroblast / Normoblast]

Cytoplasm Color
Describe Nucleus and other special features

A

Eosinophilic Cytoplasm similar to RBC
Nucleus small, dark and pycnotic

Last stage before nucleus is extruded

96
Q

Described as a unit of erythropoiesis in the bone marrow

A

Erythroblastic Island

97
Q

[Granulopoiesis Effects]

Cell Size
Nuclear Size
Nuclear Shape
Chromatin
Nucleoli
Granules
Cytoplasm Color
A 
Decrease
Decrease
Change -> Kidney/U Shaped
Condensation
Decrease in number then disappear
Azurophilic Granules first, then Specific Granules
Increasing Eosinophilia of Cytoplasm
98
Q

[Myeloblast]

With or Without Granules?
With or WIthout Nucleoli?
Divides how many times?

A

No granules
3-5 Nucleoli
Divides 3x

99
Q

[Promyelocyte]

With or Without Granules?
With or WIthout Nucleoli?
Special characteristic?

A

With Azurophilic Granules
With nucleoli
Increases in size, the only exception to the trend

100
Q

[Myelocyte]

With or Without Granules?
Nucleus Shape?
With or WIthout Nucleoli?
Special characteristic?

A

Specific granules appear here
Elliptical nucleus
No nucleoli
Last cell capable of mitosis

101
Q

[Metamyelocyte]

Nucleus shape?
Granules?
Cytoplasm color?

A

Deeply indented nucleus
80% Specific Granules&raquo_space;> Non-specific Granules
Colorless to slightly acidophilic cytoplasm

If the indentation of the nucleus is less than 50% of its diameter, it is a metamyelocyte

102
Q

[Band Cell]

Nucleus shape?
Where is it commonly found?

A

“U” or “Horseshoe” Shaped Nucleus

Found during bacterial infection

103
Q

[Non-Bacterial Causes of Neutrophilia]

A
  1. Severe inflammation (appendicitis)
  2. Diurnal variation (higher in afternoon)
  3. Stress
  4. Glucocorticosteroid intake
  5. Exercise
104
Q

[Antiplatelets Agents]

What does Clopidogrel do?
Name 2 other agents

A

Prevents clotting and myocardial infarction, works on enzymes that activate factors for clotting

Vitamin E, Ginkgo biloba

105
Q

[Erythropoietin]

Where is it produced?
Function?
When is it produced?

A

Kidney
For RBC production
Produced due to decreased tissue oxygen due to blood loss or increased need for O2 such as high altitudes

106
Q

[Interleukins]

Produced by? (2)
When is it produced?

A
  1. T Cells
    - In response to microbial invasion
    - Releases ILs to activate macrophages, which produce CSFs
  2. Macrophages
    - IL-activated Macrophages will induce Fibroblasts/Endothelial cells to produce CSF

[OS 201] Histology Exam 2 (2 decks)

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