Blood Intro. And RBCs

Question 1

Here are the 10 MCQs with proper numbering:

1. What is the approximate percentage of plasma in blood?
   A) 40%
   B) 55%
   C) 60%
   D) 70%
2. Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
   A) Transport of oxygen
   B) Supply of nutrition to tissues
   C) Regulation of body temperature
   D) Production of hormones
3. What is the primary function of erythrocytes (RBCs)?
   A) To fight infections
   B) To carry oxygen throughout the body
   C) To regulate body temperature
   D) To produce hormones
4. Which of the following blood cells plays a crucial role in blood clotting?
   A) Erythrocytes (RBCs)
   B) Leukocytes (WBCs)
   C) Thrombocytes (platelets)
   D) Lymphocytes
5. What is the normal pH range of blood?
   A) 7.0-7.2
   B) 7.35-7.45
   C) 7.5-7.7
   D) 7.8-8.0
6. Which of the following is a type of leukocyte (WBC)?
   A) Erythrocyte
   B) Thrombocyte
   C) Lymphocyte
   D) Platelet
7. What is the specific gravity of blood?
   A) 1.030-1.040
   B) 1.055-1.060
   C) 1.070-1.080
   D) 1.090-1.100
8. Which of the following is NOT a function of plasma?
   A) Transport of oxygen
   B) Supply of nutrition to tissues
   C) Regulation of body temperature
   D) Storage of waste products
9. What is the approximate percentage of formed elements in blood?
   A) 30%
   B) 40%
   C) 45%
   D) 50%

10.Which of the following blood cells helps protect the body against infections?
A) Erythrocytes (RBCs)
B) Leukocytes (WBCs)
C) Thrombocytes (platelets)
D) Lymphocytes

Answer 1

Here are the answers to the 10 MCQs:

1. B) 55%
2. D) Production of hormones
3. B) To carry oxygen throughout the body
4. C) Thrombocytes (platelets)
5. B) 7.35-7.45
6. C) Lymphocyte
7. B) 1.055-1.060
8. A) Transport of oxygen
9. C) 45%
10. B) Leukocytes (WBCs)

Question 2

Here are the 10 true or false questions:

1. True or False: Plasma makes up approximately 45% of blood.
2. True or False: Erythrocytes (RBCs) are responsible for fighting infections.
3. True or False: Blood helps maintain the body’s acid-base balance by regulating the concentration of hydrogen ions.
4. True or False: The normal pH range of blood is 7.0-7.2.
5. True or False: Thrombocytes (platelets) play a crucial role in blood clotting.
6. True or False: Blood serves as a storage medium for water, electrolytes, and nutrients.
7. True or False: Leukocytes (WBCs) are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body.
8. True or False: The specific gravity of blood ranges from 1.030 to 1.040.
9. True or False: Blood transports absorbed nutrients from the digestive system to the body’s tissues.
10. True or False: The normal specific gravity of blood ranges from 1.055 to 1.060.

Answer 2

Here are the answers to the 10 true or false questions:

1. False (Plasma makes up approximately 55% of blood.)
2. False (Erythrocytes (RBCs) are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body, not fighting infections.)
3. True
4. False (The normal pH range of blood is 7.35-7.45.)
5. True
6. True
7. False (Leukocytes (WBCs) help fight infections, while erythrocytes (RBCs) carry oxygen throughout the body.)
8. False (The specific gravity of blood ranges from 1.055 to 1.060.)
9. True
10. True

Question 3

Here are the 3 short answer questions:

1. Describe the composition of plasma and its functions in the body.
2. Explain the process of blood clotting and the role of different blood cells in this process.
3. Discuss the importance of maintaining acid-base balance in the body and the role of blood in achieving this balance.

Answer 3

Here are the answers to the 3 short answer questions:

1. Describe the composition of plasma and its functions in the body.

Plasma is the liquid component of blood, making up about 55% of its total volume. It is primarily composed of water (92%) and solids (8%), including proteins, lipids, glucose, urea, and electrolytes. Plasma functions as a transport medium for various substances, such as nutrients, hormones, and waste products. It also helps maintain blood pressure and pH balance.

1. Explain the process of blood clotting and the role of different blood cells in this process.

Blood clotting is a complex process that involves the activation of platelets and the coagulation cascade. When a blood vessel is injured, platelets adhere to the site of injury and release chemical signals that activate the coagulation cascade. This leads to the formation of a blood clot, which prevents excessive bleeding. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets all play a role in the blood clotting process. Platelets initiate the process, while red blood cells provide a surface for clot formation, and white blood cells help to clean up the site of injury.

1. Discuss the importance of maintaining acid-base balance in the body and the role of blood in achieving this balance.

Maintaining acid-base balance is crucial for proper bodily functions. Blood plays a vital role in achieving this balance by regulating the concentration of hydrogen ions. The normal pH range of blood is 7.35-7.45. When the body’s acid-base balance is disrupted, blood helps to compensate by buffering excess hydrogen ions. This is achieved through the bicarbonate buffering system, which involves the interaction of bicarbonate ions, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions.

Question 4

Here is the 1 long answer question:

Describe the composition and functions of blood, including the role of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Also, discuss the importance of blood in maintaining homeostasis, regulating body temperature, and protecting against infections.

Answer 4

Here’s a detailed answer to the long answer question:

Blood is a vital fluid that circulates throughout the body, playing a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, regulating body temperature, and protecting against infections. It is composed of two main components: plasma and formed elements.

Plasma is the liquid component of blood, making up about 55% of its total volume. It is primarily composed of water (92%) and solids (8%), including proteins, lipids, glucose, urea, and electrolytes. Plasma serves as a transport medium for various substances, such as nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

The formed elements, also known as blood cells, constitute about 45% of blood. They include:

• Erythrocytes (RBCs): Red blood cells, responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body.
• Leukocytes (WBCs): White blood cells, which help fight infections.
• Thrombocytes (Platelets): Small, irregularly-shaped cells that play a crucial role in blood clotting.

Blood performs several vital functions, including:

• Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide: Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.
• Supply of nutrition to tissues: Blood transports absorbed nutrients from the digestive system to the body’s tissues.
• Transport of waste products: Blood carries waste products, such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine, from the tissues to the excretory organs (kidneys, liver, etc.).
• Maintenance of acid-base balance: Blood helps maintain the body’s acid-base balance by regulating the concentration of hydrogen ions.
• Regulation of body temperature: Blood distributes heat generated by the body’s metabolic processes, helping to regulate body temperature.
• Protection against infection: Leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood help protect the body against infections.
• Blood clotting: Blood plays a crucial role in blood clotting, which helps prevent excessive blood loss in case of injury.

In summary, blood is a vital fluid that plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, regulating body temperature, and protecting against infections. Its composition, including plasma and formed elements, enables it to perform these vital functions.

Question 5

Function of blood

Answer 5

T - Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
R - Regulation of Body Temperature
A - Acid-Base Balance (Maintenance of)
N - Nutrition to Tissues (Supply of)
S - Storage of Water, Electrolytes, and Nutrients
P - Protection Against Infection
O - Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport
R - Removal of Waste Products
T - Transport of Hormones, Vitamins, Drugs, and Chemicals
S - Support for Blood Clotting

Question 6

1. What is the average blood volume in an adult male?
   A) 3 L
   B) 5 L
   C) 7 L
   D) 10 L
2. Which of the following factors affects blood volume?
   A) Age
   B) Sex
   C) Body size
   D) All of the above
3. What is the blood volume in children per kilogram of body weight?
   A) 70 mL/kg
   B) 85 mL/kg
   C) 100 mL/kg
   D) 120 mL/kg
4. How is blood volume expressed in relation to body surface area?
   A) 1.5 L/m^2
   B) 2.8 L/m^2
   C) 3.5 L/m^2
   D) 4.2 L/m^2
5. During which of the following conditions does blood volume increase?
   A) Pregnancy
   B) Hemorrhage
   C) Burns
   D) Diarrhea

Answer 6

Here are the answers:

1. B) 5 L
2. D) All of the above
3. B) 85 mL/kg
4. B) 2.8 L/m^2
5. A) Pregnancy

Question 7

1. How is plasma volume calculated?
   A) Amount of dye injected / Concentration of dye in plasma
   B) Amount of dye injected × Concentration of dye in plasma
   C) Concentration of dye in plasma / Amount of dye injected
   D) Concentration of dye in plasma × Amount of dye injected
2. Which of the following is a factor that affects blood volume in children?
   A) Age
   B) Sex
   C) Body size
   D) All of the above

Answer 7

1. A) Amount of dye injected / Concentration of dye in plasma
2. D) All of the above

Question 8

1. Which of the following is a method for determining cell volume?
   A) Dye dilution technique
   B) Radioactive tagging of RBCs
   C) Hematocrit measurement
   D) Blood cell counting
2. What is the average blood volume in an adult female?
   A) 4 L
   B) 4.5 L
   C) 5 L
   D) 5.5 L
3. Which of the following conditions is characterized by a decrease in blood volume?
   A) Congestive cardiac failure
   B) Polycythemia
   C) Hemorrhage
   D) Pregnancy

Answer 8

Here are the answers:

1. B) Radioactive tagging of RBCs
2. B) 4.5 L (Note: Average blood volume in adult females is approximately 4-4.5 L)
3. C) Hemorrhage

Question 9

1.What is the formula for calculating total blood volume?
A) Plasma volume × 100 / (100 - Hematocrit)
B) Plasma volume × Hematocrit / 100
C) Plasma volume + Hematocrit
D) Plasma volume - Hematocrit

2.Which of the following methods is used to determine plasma volume?
A) Dye dilution technique
B) Radioactive tagging of RBCs
C) Hematocrit measurement
D) Blood cell counting

3.What is the normal hematocrit range?
A) 30-40%
B) 40-50%
C) 50-60%
D) 60-70%

4.Which of the following conditions is characterized by an increase in blood volume?
A) Polycythemia
B) Anemia
C) Hemorrhage
D) Dehydration

5.How is blood volume affected by prolonged standing?
A) Increases
B) Decreases
C) Remains unchanged
D) Fluctuates

Answer 9

1. A) Plasma volume × 100 / (100 - Hematocrit)
2. A) Dye dilution technique
3. B) 40-50%
4. A) Polycythemia
5. B) Decreases

Question 10

1. True or False: Blood volume in adults is around 85 mL/kg body weight.
2. True or False: Blood volume increases during pregnancy.
3. True or False: Plasma volume can be determined by measuring the concentration of radioactive compounds in the blood.
4. True or False: Hematocrit is used to calculate plasma volume.
5. True or False: Blood volume decreases at high altitudes.

Answer 10

1. False: Blood volume in adults is around 70 mL/kg body weight.
2. True: Blood volume increases during pregnancy.
3. True: Plasma volume can be determined by measuring the concentration of radioactive compounds or dyes in the blood.
4. False: Hematocrit is used to calculate total blood volume, not plasma volume.
5. False: Blood volume actually increases at high altitudes to compensate for the lower oxygen levels.

Question 11

Describe the factors that affect blood volume, including sex, age, and body size.

Answer 11

Here are the factors that affect blood volume:

Physiological Factors

1. Sex: Females generally have a lower blood volume than males.
2. Age: Blood volume changes with age:
   
   • Children: 85 mL/kg body weight
   • Adults: 70 mL/kg body weight
3. Body size: Blood volume increases with body size, with larger individuals having a greater blood volume.

Other Factors

1. Body surface area: Blood volume is also related to body surface area, with an average of 2.8 L/m².
2. Hormonal changes: Hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy, menstruation, and menopause can affect blood volume.
3. Environmental factors: High altitude, temperature, and humidity can influence blood volume.

These factors can influence blood volume, and understanding their effects is essential in various medical and physiological contexts.

Question 12

1.Describe the methods used to determine blood volume, including measuring plasma volume and cell volume separately.

Answer 12

Here are the methods used to determine blood volume:

Measuring Plasma Volume

1. Dye dilution technique: Injecting a dye into the bloodstream and measuring its concentration.
2. Radioisotope technique: Injecting a radioactive substance into the bloodstream and measuring its radioactivity.

Measuring Cell Volume

1. Tagging red blood cells with radioactive compounds: Tagging red blood cells and measuring their radioactivity.
2. Measuring hematocrit: Measuring the proportion of red blood cells in the blood.

Calculating Total Blood Volume

1. Adding plasma volume and cell volume.
2. Using the formula: Total blood volume = Plasma volume × 100 / (100 - Hematocrit).

Question 13

Describe the formula used to calculate total blood volume, including the role of plasma volume and hematocrit in the calculation.

Answer 13

The formula used to calculate total blood volume is:

Total Blood Volume (TBV) = Plasma Volume (PV) × 100 / (100 - Hematocrit (Hct))

Role of Plasma Volume:

Plasma volume represents the volume of the liquid portion of the blood, which makes up about 55% of the total blood volume. By knowing the plasma volume, we can estimate the total blood volume.

Role of Hematocrit:

Hematocrit (Hct) is the proportion of the blood that is made up of red blood cells. It is expressed as a percentage. The hematocrit value is used to calculate the total blood volume because it helps to account for the volume occupied by the red blood cells.

How the Formula Works:

The formula works by using the plasma volume as a starting point and then adjusting it based on the hematocrit value. The hematocrit value is subtracted from 100 to get the proportion of the blood that is plasma. The plasma volume is then multiplied by this proportion to get the total blood volume.

For example, if the plasma volume is 3.5 L and the hematocrit is 45%, the total blood volume would be:

TBV = 3.5 L × 100 / (100 - 45)
TBV = 3.5 L × 100 / 55
TBV = 6.36 L

Question 14

1. ____________ refers to the total amount of blood present in the body
2. Females have a _____________blood volume than males.
3. Blood volume in children is around _______________________ mL/kg.

Answer 14

Here are the answers:

1. Blood volume
2. lower
3. 85

Question 15

1. Blood volume is also expressed in relation to the _______________________ surface area.
2. Blood volume increases during _______________________, after meals, and at high altitudes.
3. Blood volume decreases after _______________________, burns, vomiting, and diarrhea.
4. The dye dilution technique is used to determine _______________________ volume.
5. Plasma volume is calculated using the formula: Plasma volume = Amount of dye injected / _______________________.
6. Total blood volume is calculated using the formula: Total blood volume = Plasma volume × 100 / (100 - _______________________).
7. The normal blood volume in an adult male is around _______________________ L.

Answer 15

1. body
2. pregnancy
3. hemorrhage
4. plasma
5. Concentration of dye in plasma
6. Hematocrit
7. 5

Question 16

1. Total blood volume equation:

A patient has a plasma volume of 3.2 L and a hematocrit of 42%. What is the total blood volume of the patient?

Answer 16

To solve this problem, we can use the formula:

Total blood volume = Plasma volume × 100 / (100 - Hematocrit)

Given values:

Plasma volume = 3.2 L
Hematocrit = 42%

Plugging in the values:

Total blood volume = 3.2 L × 100 / (100 - 42)
Total blood volume = 3.2 L × 100 / 58
Total blood volume = 3.2 L × 1.72
Total blood volume = 5.5 L

Therefore, the total blood volume of the patient is approximately 5.5 L.

Question 17

1. Plasma volume equation:

A researcher injects 500 mg of nontoxic dye into a patient’s bloodstream. After a reasonable time, a plasma sample is collected, and the concentration of the dye in plasma is measured to be 10 mg/L. What is the plasma volume of the patient?

Answer 17

To solve this problem, we can use the formula:

Plasma volume = Amount of dye injected / Concentration of dye in plasma

Given values:

Amount of dye injected = 500 mg
Concentration of dye in plasma = 10 mg/L

First, we need to convert the amount of dye injected from milligrams (mg) to grams (g), since the concentration of the dye is given in milligrams per liter (mg/L).

500 mg = 0.5 g

Now, we can plug in the values:

Plasma volume = 0.5 g / 10 mg/L

To make the units consistent, we can convert the grams to milligrams:

0.5 g = 500 mg

Now we can plug in the values:

Plasma volume = 500 mg / 10 mg/L

Plasma volume = 50 L

Therefore, the plasma volume of the patient is 50 L.

Question 18

1.Explain the dye dilution technique used to determine plasma volume, including the steps involved and the formula used to calculate plasma volume.

Answer 18

The dye dilution technique is a method used to determine plasma volume. Here’s a step-by-step explanation of the technique:

Steps Involved in Dye Dilution Technique

1. Injecting the dye: A known amount of a nontoxic dye is injected into the bloodstream. The dye is usually a blue or green color and is designed to mix with the plasma.
2. Allowing the dye to distribute: The dye is allowed to distribute throughout the plasma. This takes a few minutes, depending on the individual’s circulation.
3. Collecting a plasma sample: A plasma sample is collected from the individual. This is usually done by taking a blood sample and then separating the plasma from the blood cells.
4. Measuring the dye concentration: The concentration of the dye in the plasma sample is measured. This is usually done using a spectrophotometer.

Formula Used to Calculate Plasma Volume

The formula used to calculate plasma volume is:

Plasma volume = Amount of dye injected / Concentration of dye in plasma

This formula is based on the principle that the amount of dye injected into the bloodstream will be diluted by the plasma volume. By measuring the concentration of the dye in the plasma, we can calculate the plasma volume.

For example, if 100 mg of dye is injected into the bloodstream and the concentration of the dye in the plasma is 2 mg/L, the plasma volume would be:

Plasma volume = 100 mg / 2 mg/L = 50 L

Question 19

1.Explain the physiological variations in blood volume, including changes during pregnancy, after meals, and at high altitudes.

Answer 19

Physiological variations in blood volume refer to the changes in blood volume that occur in response to various physiological conditions. Here are some examples:

Changes During Pregnancy

During pregnancy, blood volume increases by approximately 40-50% to meet the increased metabolic demands of the mother and the growing fetus. This increase in blood volume is necessary to:

• Supply oxygen and nutrients to the fetus
• Remove waste products from the fetus
• Support the increased metabolic rate of the mother

Changes After Meals

After meals, blood volume increases temporarily due to the increased blood flow to the digestive organs. This increase in blood volume is necessary to:

• Supply oxygen and nutrients to the digestive organs
• Support the increased metabolic rate of the digestive organs

Changes at High Altitudes

At high altitudes, blood volume increases to compensate for the lower oxygen levels in the air. This increase in blood volume is necessary to:

• Supply more oxygen to the body’s tissues
• Compensate for the lower oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood at high altitudes

In summary, physiological variations in blood volume occur in response to various physiological conditions, such as pregnancy, after meals, and at high altitudes. These changes are necessary to support the increased metabolic demands of the body and to maintain homeostasis.