blood I

Question 1

how many liters of blood are in the body

Answer 1

5 liters

Question 2

what are the two major components of blood?

Answer 2

formed elements

plasma

Question 3

what 3 things are in the formed elements part of blood?

Answer 3

erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets

Question 4

what are the two roles of albumin?

Answer 4

maintain osmotic pressure of blood

plays role in transport of water insoluble substance

Question 5

in centrifugation, what is the lowest layer consist of? what is its percentage of the blood volume?

Answer 5

red blood cells
45% of blood volume
41% for females
45% for males

Question 6

what is the hematocrit?

Answer 6

percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells

Question 7

in centrifugation, what is the middle layer consist of? what is its percentage of the blood volume?what is its color?

Answer 7

white/grey color
consists of leukocytes and platelets
1% of blood volume

Question 8

in centrifugation, what is the upper layer consist of? what is its percentage of the blood volume? color?

Answer 8

blood plasma
slightly more than 50% of blood volume
yellowish translucent supernatant

Question 9

what are the 3 components of the RBC membrane skeleton

Answer 9

spectrin, actin and protein 4.1

Question 10

what component of RBCs are responsible for making the cell stain eosinophilically?

Answer 10

hemoglobin (which constitutes 1/3 of RBC weight)

Question 11

composition of HbA1

Answer 11

2 alpha polypeptide chains
2 polypeptide chains
95% of adult HB

Question 12

composition of HbA2

Answer 12

2 alpha polypeptide chains
2 delta polypeptide chains
5% of adult hb

Question 13

composition of HbF

Answer 13

2 alpha polypeptide chains

2 gamma polypeptide chains

Question 14

how are senescent RBCs removed?

Answer 14

by macrophages in spleen, liver and bone marrow

Question 15

what dye does reticulocytes stain?

Answer 15

stains with brilliant cresyl blue

Question 16

what things can be monitored by knowing reticulocyte concentration?

Answer 16

rate of RBC production
diagnosis and classification of anemia
monitor treatment of anemia
monitor bone regeneration
monitor hemopoetic restoration after erythropoietin therapy

Question 17

how does leukocytes leave the blood vessels?

Answer 17

through diapedesis

Question 18

what 3 leukocytes have specific granules

Answer 18

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
“the phils”

Question 19

what 2 leukocytes do not have specific granules

Answer 19

lymphocytes
monocytes
“the cytes”

Question 20

what is relative frequency of neutrophils in the blood?

Answer 20

60-70%

Question 21

what is relative frequency of eosinophils in the blood?

Answer 21

2-4%

Question 22

what is relative frequency of basophils in the blood?

Answer 22

0-1%

Question 23

what is relative frequency of monocytes in the blood?

Answer 23

3-8%

Question 24

what is relative frequency of lymphocytes in the blood?

Answer 24

20-30%

Question 25

what color do specific granules stain?

Answer 25

salmon pink

Question 26

what are most azurophilic granules?

Answer 26

lysosomes

Question 27

what are some functions of neutrophils?

Answer 27

``` phagocytosis chemotaxis formation of superoxide anions netosis-release net-like structure capable of "trapping" microbes production of cytokines ```

Question 28

describe eosinophil's nucleus

Answer 28

bi-lobed

Question 29

function of eosinophils

Answer 29

phagocytosis (kill parasites) secretion (histamine) synthesize leukotriene C4 and platelet activating factor produce cytokines

Question 30

what is the role of eosinophils in asthma?

Answer 30

airway constriction mucus hypersecretion airway inflammation airway remodeling

Question 31

what components are basophil granules rich in?

Answer 31

heparin, histimine and SRS-A

Question 32

function of basophils

Answer 32

inflammation immediate hypersensitivity reaction IgE attaches to basophil surface

Question 33

what color is the cytoplasm of lympocytes?

Answer 33

pale blue

Question 34

what percentage of circulating lymphocytes are T cells?

Answer 34

70-80%

Question 35

what are functions of CD8 cells

Answer 35

lyse target cells (perforin) | induce apoptosis in target cells (granzymes)

Question 36

what is characteristic of NK cells that separates them from other lymphocytes?

Answer 36

large azurophilic granules

Question 37

what are the 4 major types of T cells?

Answer 37

cytotoxic cells helper cells suppressor cells memory T cells

Question 38

describe the monocyte nucleus

Answer 38

variable shaped, euchromatic

Question 39

what is a unique structure that you can see in monocytes?

Answer 39

vacuoles

Question 40

in cases of inflammation, what do monocytes form?

Answer 40

giant cells

Question 41

what is the normal platelet count in peripheral blood?

Answer 41

200,000-400,000 per uL

Question 42

what is the average life span of a platelet?

Answer 42

10 days