Blood Histology Flashcards
1
Q
What is the function of blood? (3)
A
- delivery of nutrients and oxygen, transport of wastes and CO2
- delivery of hormones, regulatory substances, immune system cells
- maintenance of homeostasis: buffer, coagulation, thermoregulation
2
Q
volume of RBCs in a blood sample
A
packed cell volume (PCV)
39-50% male
35-35% female
3
Q
leukocytes and platelets in a centrifuge
A
buffy coat
4
Q
- liquid extracellular material
- 90% H2O
- solvent for solutes (proteins and nutrients/electrolytes)
A
plasma
5
Q
extracellular fluid component of blood that is present after coagulation process is complete, lacks clotting factors
A
serum
6
Q
dervied from blood plasma, its electrolyte composition reflects that of blood plasma from which it is derived
A
interstitial fluid
7
Q
- type of globulin
- functional immune system molecule
A
γ-globulin
8
Q
- type of globulin
- maintain osmotic pressure within vascular walls, carrier proteins, coagulation factors
A
α-globulin and β-globulin
9
Q
- main protein constituent (50%), made in liver
- exerts conc gradient between blood and extracellular fluid
- colloid osmotic pressure, pressure on vessel walls
- carrier protein for thyroxine, bilirubin, and barbiturates
A
albumin
10
Q
- largest plasma protein, made in liver
- insoluble form is fibrin
- chains polymerize forming long fibers
- fibers become cross-linked and form an impermeable net, prevents blood loss
A
fibrinogen
11
Q
- anucleate, devoid of organelles
- disc shaped, stain uniformly (eosin), area of central palor
- histologic ruler
- biconcave disc, flexible, increases SA 20-30% vs being spherical
- bind O2 and deliver to tissues, bind CO2 and remove from tissues
- lifespan: 120 days, ~1% removed each day from spleen, BM, liver
A
erythrocytes
12
Q
dimeric, springy protein that forms a wheel-like meshwork and attach to membrane-bound hubs
A
spectrin
13
Q
What is spectrin-actin skeleton connected to cell membrane by?
A
- ankyrin band 4.2 and band 3
- protein 4.1 and glycophorin A (GP)
14
Q
- immature erythrocytes released from BM
- slighly less than 1% of circulating RBCs
- anucleate, but have mito, ribo, golgi elements, syn hemoglobin
- hallmark: RNA stains slightly basophillic (blue)
- enter circulation: lose polyribosomes and mature to erythrocytes within 48 hr
A
reticulocytes
15
Q
- decreased hemoglobin levels
- most in the reduction of RBCs due to: hemorrhage, hemolytic _____, insufficient dietary intake of Fe, vitamin B12, or folic acid
- clinical sx: weakness, fatigue, frequent HAs, difficulty conc, dizziness, palor
A
anemia
16
Q
- single point mutation (Glu > Val) β-globin chain of hemoglobin A (HbA) > sickle hemoglobin (HgS)
- erythrocytes become sickle-shaped at decreased O2 sat
- sickled RBCs = more fragile, vessel obstruction, break down ~20 days
- severe hemolytic anemia (HTC 18-30%) a/w reticulocytosis and hyperbilirubinemia
A
sickle-cell anemia
17
Q
- inherited disorder caused by intrinsic defects in RBC cell membrane
- mutations in ANK1 are responsible for ~50% of cases
- apparent on smears as small, dark staining, and lacking central pallor
- sx: reticulocytosis, mild jaundice, splenomegaly
A
hereditary spherocytosis
18
Q
- yellow appearance of sclera of eye and skin
- can be caused by destruction of circulating erythrocytes
- characteristic in many hemolytic anemias: inherited RBC defects, pathogen microbes, animal venoms, chemicals, drugs
- can occur in newborns because of inefficiency of liver
A
jaundice
19
Q
Never
Let
Monkies
Eat Bananas
A
neutrophils (50-70%)
lymphocytes (20-40%)
monocytes (2-8%)
eosinophils (1-4%)
basophils (0.5-1%)
20
Q
What is the peripheral blood leukocyte count influenced by? (4)
A
- cell number in precursor and storage pop (BM, thymus, circ, tissue)
- rate of release of cells from storage into circ
- proportion of cells adhering to vessel walls (marginal pool)
- rate of extravasation (blood into tissue)
21
Q
- most numerous circulating WBC (50-70%)
- hallmark: segmented “multi-lobed” nucleus, general lack of cytoplasmic staining
- polymorphonuclear (PMN)
- function in acute inflammation and tissue injury
- pus :)
A
neutrophils
22
Q
- type of neutrophil granule
- main active components: myeloperoxidase, neutrophil defensins
- actions: kill and degradation of engulfed microbes
A
primary granules
23
Q
- type of neutrophil granule
- main active components: lysozyme, gelatinase, collagenase, lactoferrin, cathelicidins, transobalamin I
- actions: anti-microbial substances and tissue breakdown
A
specific secondary granules
24
Q
- type of neutrophil granule
- main active components: gelatinase, adhesion molecules
- actions: matrix tissue breakdown (gel), fused into cell membrane (adh)
A
tertiary granules
25
- type of neutrophil granule
- main active components: membrane proteins; enzymes, alk phos, etc
- actions: bind to endothelium (prot), tissue breakdown (enzymes)
secretory granules
26
immature neutrophils with banded nucleus, caused by left shift
band cells
27
- similar size to neutrophils
- bi-lobed nucleus
- hallmark: abundance of large, acidophilic granules staining intensely pink/red
- 1-4% of circ WBCs
- granule histaminase: moderates effects of inflammatory vasoactive mediators
- phagocytose antigen-ab complexes
- increased counts occur w/ allergies and parastic worms
- mediate chronic inflammation (lung tissue in asthmatics)
eosinophils
28
- hallmark: specific granules that stain intensely purple/blue
- nucleus usually obscurred by granules
- same size as neutrophils
- least numerous \<1% of WBCs
- release vasoactive agents (heparin, histamine) and supplment mast function
- severe vascular disturbances a/w type 1 hypersensitivty rxns and anaphylaxis (binds antigen-IgE complex of plasma cells, triggers exocytosis of granules)
basophils
29
- 2-8% of circulating WBC
- hallmark: intensely staining, spherical nucleus w/ thin, pale blue rim of cytoplasm
- main functional cells of immune system
- non terminally deferentiated T cells, B cells \> plasma, NK cells
lymphocytes
30
- largest of WBCs
- 2-8% of circulating WBCs
- hallmark: indented, heart-shaped nucleus w/ paler cytoplasm, contains small, azurophilic granules
- precursor cell of macrophages: osteoclasts, Kupffer cells (liver), microglia (brain); macrophages (connective tissue, LNs, spleen, BM)
- differentiate in reponse to inflammation: monocyte leaves vasculature \> macrophage \> phagocytosis
monocytes
31
- derived from megakaryocyte: large polyploid cell in bone marrow
- small bits of cytoplasm are broken off, circulate as discoid structures w/ life span of ~10 days
- hallmark: small, membrane bound, cytoplasmic fragments
- contain granules that release platelet-specific proteins, function in controlling blood loss, hemostasis
- bind to, coat, and plug damaged vessel walls and help activate blood clotting cascade
thrombocytes
32
